Figure 1 (T)-shaped workforce model Source: Adapted from McGee et al. (2022) An integrated care capability framework showing breadth of knowledge, transferable competencies, and depth of discipline specific expertise in a T- shaped workforce model. The diagram presents an Integrated Care Capability framework. A horizontal arrow at the top indicates breadth of knowledge about co-occurring A O D addiction and mental health. On the left, awareness of the broader healthcare system includes G P, allied health, and hospitals. On the right, awareness of relevant adjacent services includes legal, housing, and domestic violence services. A central horizontal section lists Basic assessment, which includes identifying co-occurring conditions, making referrals, and assessing suicide risk, and Cross boundary collaboration, which includes using shared terms, effective hand over, and joint care planning. Another section lists Cultural competency, which includes understanding and addressing stigma, practising cultural safety, and working effectively with peer support workers, and System navigation, which includes knowing M H and A O D entry points, local services, and key legislation. In the centre, Transferable Competencies describe an adaptable and flexible workforce that shares a common conceptual language, has clearly defined roles, and demonstrates strong collaborative skills. A vertical section below shows Depth of discipline specific expertise in either A O D addiction or mental health. The diagram concludes with the concept of a T Shaped Workforce, indicating the need for both breadth and depth rather than expertise in everything. More about this image found in (T)-shaped workforce model Source: Adapted from McGee et al....

Figure 1 Studies by clinical outcome Source: Author’s own work A bar chart presents the number of studies by clinical outcome, with counts for significant results and positive results not quantified. The bar chart displays clinical outcomes on the horizontal axis and number of studies on th... More about this image found in Studies by clinical outcome Source: Author’s own work A bar chart pre...

Figure 2 PRISMA 2020 flowchart illustrating study selection process Source: Authors’ own work A flow diagram outlines study identification, screening, eligibility assessment, exclusions, and final inclusion, with numeric counts at each stage. The flow diagram presents study selection stag... More about this image found in PRISMA 2020 flowchart illustrating study selection process Source: Auth...

Figure 3 Risk of bias assessment by domains and individual studies using the RoB 2.0 tool Source: Author’s own work A table lists studies against five risks of bias domains, marking each domain with plus or minus judgments for low risk or some concerns. The matrix presents study names in ro... More about this image found in Risk of bias assessment by domains and individual studies using the RoB 2.0...

Figure 4 Overall distribution of risk of bias by domain in the included studies using the RoB 2.0 tool. Note(s): Low risk = judged as low risk of bias; some concerns = potential sources of bias present Source: Author’s own work A horizontal bar chart presents the number of studies by risk... More about this image found in Overall distribution of risk of bias by domain in the included studies usin...

Figure A1 Representation of meaningful engagement themes that arose during focus groups and helped project managers develop the consumer evaluation tool peer-facilitator/staff MEET (Authors own creation) An infographic listing key factors that support meaningful engagement in group participat... More about this image found in Representation of meaningful engagement themes that arose during focus grou...

Figure 1 Alcohol consumption and use of AA/NA Source : Figure by authors A three-stage flowchart tracks alcohol consumption and use of AA/NA across T1, T2, and T3. The figure shows a triangular framework of three elements connected with bidirectional arrows. At the top is buyer capacity, lin... More about this image found in Alcohol consumption and use of AA/NA Source : Figure by authors A thre...

Figur 2 Mental health problems, handled or not handled over time Source : Figure by authors A three-stage flowchart tracks individuals with or without mental health problems across T1, T2, and T3, distinguishing handled and not handled cases with counts. The figure shows a flowchart with thr... More about this image found in Mental health problems, handled or not handled over time Source : Figure ...

Figure 1 Age in years of consumers referred to the Anglicare Inreach service Source: Figure by authors Bar graph illustrating the age distribution of consumers referred to the Anglicare Inreach Service, showing the number of consumers by age group. This bar graph displays the age distributi... More about this image found in Age in years of consumers referred to the Anglicare Inreach service Sourc...