NT and their characteristics*
| Category | Tool | Cost | Availability | Accessibility | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiological | ECG (Sattar and Chhabra, 2025) | 10K€ | High | High | Portable | Sensitivity to motion |
| GSR (Sharma et al., 2016) | 100 – 2K€ | High | High | Portable, low cost | Limited number of applications, needs to be integrated with other tools | |
| Facial Expression Recognition (Samadiani et al., 2019) | 10k€ | High | High | Portable | Low individual usefulness | |
| ET (Kasneci et al., 2024) | From 100–30K€ | Medium | High | Portable | Not compatible with contact lenses or people having long eye lashes | |
| Neurophysiological | EEG (Biasiucci et al., 2019) | From 500–35K€ | Medium | High | Temporal resolution, portable (wearable/wireless version) | Spatial resolution |
| fNIRS (Pinti et al., 2020) | 50K€ | Low | Low | Low sensitivity to motion artifact, portable | Spatial resolution | |
| fMRI (Pekar, 2006) | 1M € | Low | Low | Spatial resolution | Temporal resolution, not portable | |
| Behavioral | RT (Wong et al., 2017) | 0–1 K€ | High | High | Cheap, portable | Context and subject specific, highly dependent on the device, on the stimulus or on the response |
| Category | Tool | Cost | Availability | Accessibility | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiological | ECG ( | 10K€ | High | High | Portable | Sensitivity to motion |
| GSR ( | 100 – | High | High | Portable, low cost | Limited number of applications, needs to be integrated with other tools | |
| Facial Expression Recognition ( | 10k€ | High | High | Portable | Low individual usefulness | |
| ET ( | From 100–30K€ | Medium | High | Portable | Not compatible with contact lenses or people having long eye lashes | |
| Neurophysiological | EEG ( | From 500–35K€ | Medium | High | Temporal resolution, portable (wearable/wireless version) | Spatial resolution |
| fNIRS ( | 50K€ | Low | Low | Low sensitivity to motion artifact, portable | Spatial resolution | |
| fMRI ( | 1M € | Low | Low | Spatial resolution | Temporal resolution, not portable | |
| Behavioral | RT ( | 0–1 K€ | High | High | Cheap, portable | Context and subject specific, highly dependent on the device, on the stimulus or on the response |
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