Table 1 Psychometric properties and...

Table 1

Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

Construct	Items	CR	AVE	α	SFL
Techno-overload (TOL)	TOL1: I am forced by technology to work much faster	0.897	0.636	0.869	0.71
	TOL2: I am forced by technology to do more work than I can handle				0.84
	TOL3: I am forced by technology to work with very tight time schedules				0.83
	TOL4: I am forced to change my work habits to adapt to new technologies				0.76
	TOL5: I have a higher workload because of increased technology complexity				0.84
Techno-invasion (TIV)	TIV1: Due to technology, I spend less time with my family	0.888	0.666	0.873	0.81
	TIV2: Due to technology, I have to be in touch with my work even during my vacations				0.76
	TIV3: I have to sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to keep current on new technologies				0.83
	TIV4: I feel my personal life is being invaded by technology				0.86
Techno-complexity (TCL)	TCL1: I do not know enough about technology to handle my job satisfactorily	0.898	0.639	0.865	0.86
	TCL2: I need a long time to understand and use new technologies				0.84
	TCL3: I do not find enough time to study and upgrade my technology skills				0.81
	TCL4: I find new recruits to this organisation know more about computer technology than I do				0.72
	TCL5: I often find it too complex for me to understand and use new technologies				0.76
Techno-insecurity (TIS)	TIS1: Due to new technologies, I feel there is a constant threat to my job security	0.897	0.635	0.863	0.84
	TIS2: I have to constantly update my skills to avoid being replaced				0.76
	TIS3: I am threatened by co-workers with newer technological skills				0.83
	TIS4: I do not share my knowledge with my co-workers for fear of being replaced				0.77
	TIS5: I feel there is less sharing of knowledge among co-workers for fear of being replaced				0.78
Techno-uncertainty (TUC)	TUC1: There are always new developments in the technologies we use in our institution	0.860	0.607	0.846	0.74
	TUC2: There are constant changes in computer software in our institution				0.86
	TUC3: There are constant changes in computer hardware in our institution				0.74
	TUC4: There are frequent upgrades in computer networks in our institution				0.77
Cyber-loafing (CL)	How often do you engage in the following activities during working hours?	0.924	0.634	0.857
	CL1: Sports related Web sites				0.88
	CL2: Investment-related Web sites				0.83
	CL3: Entertainment related Web sites				0.81
	CL4: General news sites				0.84
	CL5: Non-job-related Web sites				0.73
	CL6: Download non-work-related information				0.76
	CL7: Shop online for personal goods				0.71
	CL8: Adult-oriented (sexually explicit) Web sites (Item deleted during CFA)				–

Construct	Items	CR	AVE	α	SFL
Techno-overload (TOL)	TOL1: I am forced by technology to work much faster	0.897	0.636	0.869	0.71
	TOL2: I am forced by technology to do more work than I can handle				0.84
	TOL3: I am forced by technology to work with very tight time schedules				0.83
	TOL4: I am forced to change my work habits to adapt to new technologies				0.76
	TOL5: I have a higher workload because of increased technology complexity				0.84
Techno-invasion (TIV)	TIV1: Due to technology, I spend less time with my family	0.888	0.666	0.873	0.81
	TIV2: Due to technology, I have to be in touch with my work even during my vacations				0.76
	TIV3: I have to sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to keep current on new technologies				0.83
	TIV4: I feel my personal life is being invaded by technology				0.86
Techno-complexity (TCL)	TCL1: I do not know enough about technology to handle my job satisfactorily	0.898	0.639	0.865	0.86
	TCL2: I need a long time to understand and use new technologies				0.84
	TCL3: I do not find enough time to study and upgrade my technology skills				0.81
	TCL4: I find new recruits to this organisation know more about computer technology than I do				0.72
	TCL5: I often find it too complex for me to understand and use new technologies				0.76
Techno-insecurity (TIS)	TIS1: Due to new technologies, I feel there is a constant threat to my job security	0.897	0.635	0.863	0.84
	TIS2: I have to constantly update my skills to avoid being replaced				0.76
	TIS3: I am threatened by co-workers with newer technological skills				0.83
	TIS4: I do not share my knowledge with my co-workers for fear of being replaced				0.77
	TIS5: I feel there is less sharing of knowledge among co-workers for fear of being replaced				0.78
Techno-uncertainty (TUC)	TUC1: There are always new developments in the technologies we use in our institution	0.860	0.607	0.846	0.74
	TUC2: There are constant changes in computer software in our institution				0.86
	TUC3: There are constant changes in computer hardware in our institution				0.74
	TUC4: There are frequent upgrades in computer networks in our institution				0.77
Cyber-loafing (CL)	How often do you engage in the following activities during working hours?	0.924	0.634	0.857
	CL1: Sports related Web sites				0.88
	CL2: Investment-related Web sites				0.83
	CL3: Entertainment related Web sites				0.81
	CL4: General news sites				0.84
	CL5: Non-job-related Web sites				0.73
	CL6: Download non-work-related information				0.76
	CL7: Shop online for personal goods				0.71
	CL8: Adult-oriented (sexually explicit) Web sites (Item deleted during CFA)				–

Note(s): a. CR = Composite Reliability, AVE = Average Variance Explained, α = Cronbach Alpha, SFL = Standardised Factor Loadings

b. Standardised coefficients reported

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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