Table 1. Summary of literature Dimension... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Summary of literature

Dimension	Concept	Key findings	References
Necessity vs opportunity	Socioeconomic predictors of motivations	Socioeconomic characteristics of entrepreneurs and their households predict necessity vs opportunity motivations. Opportunity entrepreneurs show higher profits and better practices	Giacomin et al. (2011); Calderon et al. (2017)
	Survival factors	Necessity entrepreneurs benefit more from education in terms of business survival than opportunity entrepreneurs	Belda and Cabrer-Borrás (2018); Millán et al. (2012)
	Industry choice and strategy	Necessity entrepreneurs prefer cost leadership strategies and tend to choose home-based businesses when unused for long periods	Block et al. (2015); Nikiforou et al. (2019)
Education	Education and business outcomes	Education positively impacts self-employment survival. Returns to education are lower for necessity entrepreneurs than opportunity entrepreneurs	Fossen and Büttner (2013); Millán et al. (2012)
Family involvement	Family as a resource	Family members provide trusted labor and support entrepreneurial operations, enabling trusted relationships and participation in sales and payments	Jayawarna et al. (2011); Bhagavatulah et al. (2010)
Family involvement	Family as a dynamic factor	Entrepreneurial motivations develop in synchrony with household dynamics, making family a critical factor in necessity entrepreneurship	Jayawarna et al. (2011); Viswanathan et al. (2010, 2012)
Gender	Gender disparities in entrepreneurship	Men-led enterprises generate higher income, but women-led enterprises are less likely to fail in low-income contexts	Cabrer-Borrás and Belda (2018); Calderon et al. (2017)
Gender	Women in necessity entrepreneurship	Women often enter necessity entrepreneurship to overcome economic insecurity, facing greater systemic barriers	Calderon et al. (2017); Vossenberg (2013)
Type of enterprise	Retail vs manufacturing	Retail enterprises are often chosen by necessity entrepreneurs due to lower capital needs and proximity to customers	McPherson and Liedholm (1996); Nikiforou et al. (2019)

Dimension	Concept	Key findings	References
Necessity vs opportunity	Socioeconomic predictors of motivations	Socioeconomic characteristics of entrepreneurs and their households predict necessity vs opportunity motivations. Opportunity entrepreneurs show higher profits and better practices	Giacomin et al. (2011); Calderon et al. (2017)
	Survival factors	Necessity entrepreneurs benefit more from education in terms of business survival than opportunity entrepreneurs	Belda and Cabrer-Borrás (2018); Millán et al. (2012)
	Industry choice and strategy	Necessity entrepreneurs prefer cost leadership strategies and tend to choose home-based businesses when unused for long periods	Block et al. (2015); Nikiforou et al. (2019)
Education	Education and business outcomes	Education positively impacts self-employment survival. Returns to education are lower for necessity entrepreneurs than opportunity entrepreneurs	Fossen and Büttner (2013); Millán et al. (2012)
Family involvement	Family as a resource	Family members provide trusted labor and support entrepreneurial operations, enabling trusted relationships and participation in sales and payments	Jayawarna et al. (2011); Bhagavatulah et al. (2010)
Family involvement	Family as a dynamic factor	Entrepreneurial motivations develop in synchrony with household dynamics, making family a critical factor in necessity entrepreneurship	Jayawarna et al. (2011); Viswanathan et al. (2010, 2012)
Gender	Gender disparities in entrepreneurship	Men-led enterprises generate higher income, but women-led enterprises are less likely to fail in low-income contexts	Cabrer-Borrás and Belda (2018); Calderon et al. (2017)
Gender	Women in necessity entrepreneurship	Women often enter necessity entrepreneurship to overcome economic insecurity, facing greater systemic barriers	Calderon et al. (2017); Vossenberg (2013)
Type of enterprise	Retail vs manufacturing	Retail enterprises are often chosen by necessity entrepreneurs due to lower capital needs and proximity to customers	McPherson and Liedholm (1996); Nikiforou et al. (2019)

Source(s): Authors’ own work