Table 9.

Summary of results

HypothesisExpectedSupported?Summary of results
H1a,c*. Education → Enterprise incomeEducation (entrepreneur/household level) has a positive impact on enterprise income, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursPartially supported (only H1c)Education positively affects income, but the effect of household education is accentuated for lower-income entrepreneurs
H1b,d*. Education → Enterprise failureEducation (entrepreneur/household level) reduces the likelihood of enterprise failure, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursNot supportedEducation reduces enterprise failure; household-level education further decreases failure for lower-income entrepreneurs
H2a*. Family members → Enterprise incomeNumber of family members involved positively impacts income, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursNot supportedFamily involvement positively affects income, but the effect is not differentially stronger for lower-income entrepreneurs
H2b*. Family members → Enterprise failureNumber of family members reduces enterprise failure, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursNot supportedFamily involvement reduces failure overall, but for lower-income entrepreneurs, it slightly increases the likelihood of failure
H3a*. Gender (men) → Enterprise incomeEnterprises run by men generate higher income compared to those run by women, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursSupportedEnterprises run by men earn significantly more income; no stronger effect for lower-income entrepreneurs
H3b*. Gender (men) → Enterprise failureEnterprises run by men are less likely to fail, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursNot supportedAmong lower-income entrepreneurs, enterprises run by women are less likely to fail compared to those run by men
H4a*. Gender × Education → Enterprise incomeGender moderates the effect of education on enterprise income; stronger for lower-income women entrepreneursNot supportedNo significant interaction between gender and education for enterprise income
H4b*. Gender × Education → Enterprise failureGender moderates the effect of education on enterprise failure; stronger for lower-income women entrepreneursNot supportedNo significant interaction between gender and education for enterprise failure
H5a*. Gender × Family members → IncomeGender moderates the effect of family involvement on income; stronger for lower-income women entrepreneursSupportedFamily involvement benefits income more for women than men among lower-income entrepreneurs
H5b*. Gender × Family members → FailureGender moderates the effect of family involvement on failure; stronger for lower-income women entrepreneursSupportedFamily involvement reduces failure more for women than men among lower-income entrepreneurs
H6a*. Retail vs Manufacturing → IncomeRetail enterprises generate higher income than manufacturing enterprises, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursNot supportedNo significant difference in income between retail and manufacturing enterprises
H6b*. Retail vs Manufacturing → FailureRetail enterprises have lower failure rates than manufacturing enterprises, stronger for lower-income entrepreneursNot supportedNo significant difference in failure rates between retail and manufacturing enterprises

Note(s): (*) indicates moderation based on the distinction between lower-income and higher-income households

Source(s): Authors’ own work
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