Table 2 Differences in coefficients...

Table 2

Differences in coefficients based on the income level of countries

Variables	RSTPPMLAlLow	RSTPPMLAltAverage	RSTPPMLAltHigh	RSTPPMLAlt	REFMODSWLow	REFMODSWAverage	REFMODSWHigh	REFMODSW
lInstitution	−0.229*** (0.062)	0.116 (0.111)	0.326 (0.182)	0.143* (0.069)	−0.104** (0.037)	0.132*** (0.028)	0.307*** (0.048)	0.115*** (0.021)
lIntegration	0.366*** (0.032)	1.480*** (0.212)	0.868*** (0.177)	0.302*** (0.087)
lGeography	0.083 (0.116)	0.025 (0.167)	0.934** (0.330)	0.410** (0.127)	0.076 (0.059)	−0.054 (0.080)	0.116 (0.225)	0.111* (0.050)
lIntegrationSW					0.406*** (0.020)	0.921*** (0.029)	0.896*** (0.022)	0.799*** (0.016)
Constant	−1.367*** (0.044)	−0.160* (0.063)	0.543*** (0.156)	0.082*** (0.011)	0.911*** (0.040)	−0.180*** (0.015)	0.169*** (0.046)	0.005 (0.004)
N	330	1,130	874	2,334	330	1,130	874	2,334
R²	0.066	0.007	0.029	0.015	0.256	0.181	0.360	0.569
EstEqBiCom
Fixed effect	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
PPML	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Trade opening
Standard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Squalli Wilson	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Instrument
Base on RST	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Alternative	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Income level
Low	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Average	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
High	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
All	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes

Variables	RSTPPMLAlLow	RSTPPMLAltAverage	RSTPPMLAltHigh	RSTPPMLAlt	REFMODSWLow	REFMODSWAverage	REFMODSWHigh	REFMODSW
lInstitution	−0.229*** (0.062)	0.116 (0.111)	0.326 (0.182)	0.143* (0.069)	−0.104** (0.037)	0.132*** (0.028)	0.307*** (0.048)	0.115*** (0.021)
lIntegration	0.366*** (0.032)	1.480*** (0.212)	0.868*** (0.177)	0.302*** (0.087)
lGeography	0.083 (0.116)	0.025 (0.167)	0.934** (0.330)	0.410** (0.127)	0.076 (0.059)	−0.054 (0.080)	0.116 (0.225)	0.111* (0.050)
lIntegrationSW					0.406*** (0.020)	0.921*** (0.029)	0.896*** (0.022)	0.799*** (0.016)
Constant	−1.367*** (0.044)	−0.160* (0.063)	0.543*** (0.156)	0.082*** (0.011)	0.911*** (0.040)	−0.180*** (0.015)	0.169*** (0.046)	0.005 (0.004)
N	330	1,130	874	2,334	330	1,130	874	2,334
R²	0.066	0.007	0.029	0.015	0.256	0.181	0.360	0.569
EstEqBiCom
Fixed effect	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
PPML	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Trade opening
Standard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Squalli Wilson	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Instrument
Base on RST	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Alternative	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Income level
Low	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Average	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
High	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
All	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes

Note(s): ESTEqBiCom: Bilateral Trade Equation Estimators. The natural logarithm is represented by “l” placed before the independent variables. IntegrationSW is the measure of integration calculated using Squalli and Wilson’s (2011) proposal. Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Significance levels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Source(s): Prepared by the authors

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