Table 2 Measurement model: indicator and...

Table 2

Measurement model: indicator and internal consistency reliability as well as convergent validity

Constructs and items	Loadings	α	CR	roh_A	AVE
Perceived usefulness (Bhattacherjee and Lin, 2015; Davis, 1989)		0.877	0.912	0.918	0.721
Using a smart speaker improves my performance	0.856
Using a smart speaker increases my productivity	0.877
Using a smart speaker enhances my effectiveness	0.871
I find a smart speaker to be useful	0.790
Perceived ease of use (Davis, 1989)		0.927	0.943	0.930	0.735
Learning to operate a smart speaker is easy for me	0.886
I find it easy to get a smart speaker to do what I want it to do	0.778
My interaction with a smart speaker is clear and understandable	0.886
I find a smart speaker to be flexible to interact with	0.806
It is easy for me to become skillful at using a smart speaker	0.864
I find a smart speaker easy to use	0.915
Enjoyment (Venkatesh and Bala, 2008)		0.913	0.945	0.914	0.852
I find using the smart speaker to be enjoyable	0.922
The actual process of using the smart speaker is pleasant	0.892
I have fun using the smart speaker	0.954
System quality (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.910	0.931	0.915	0.692
The performance of smart speakers is being promptly responsive to my requests and provides good access	0.874
Smart speakers perform their functions quickly and efficiently	0.865
Smart speakers are reliable (it is always up and running, runs without errors, and does what it is supposed to do)	0.811
Smart speakers provide perfect and precise services in line with the purpose of the system	0.852
I assume no limitations or problems in using smart speakers and understanding the information rendered by voice output	0.741
Smart speaker systems and the output of information fully meet my needs	0.841
System diversity (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.919	0.939	0.930	0.755
Smart speakers enable me to control many applications	0.889
Smart speakers enable me to control many technical devices	0.827
Smart speakers can execute many commands that I need	0.847
Smart speakers enable me to control a huge amount of applications	0.909
Smart speakers can perform many different tasks	0.871
Device annoyance (Siepmann and Kowalczuk, 2021)		0.861	0.905	0.867	0.706
I think it is disturbing if…
… a smart speaker asks me to speak to him in a different way	0.797
… a smart speaker incorrectly assumes that I have spoken to him	0.851
… a smart speaker sends me notifications (e.g. information about the status of an order, appointments) without being asked	0.839
… a smart speaker says something although I have not talked to him	0.871
Surveillance anxiety (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.883	0.913	0.933	0.727
The idea that I would be under surveillance by a smart speaker frightens me	0.899
I find it objectionable when I do not know what will be recorded by smart speakers	0.923
It would bother me that others see my activities via the smart speaker	0.644
It disturbs me that the smart speaker permanently monitors me	0.913
Security/privacy risk (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.915	0.946	0.916	0.855
I am worried to use a smart speaker because other people or organizations may be able to access my account	0.916
It is risky to disclose personal information to the smart speakers’ service provider	0.928
There will be much potential loss associated with disclosing personal information to the smart speakers’ service provider	0.929
Perceived benefits (Hendricks, 2018)		0.901	0.953	0.901	0.910
Altogether, the use of a smart speaker offers many advantages	0.954
By considering all the advantages, I evaluate the use of a smart speaker positively	0.954
Perceived costs (Hendricks, 2018)		0.838	0.925	0.851	0.860
Altogether, the use of a smart speaker has many disadvantages	0.917
By considering all the disadvantages, I evaluate the use of a smart speaker negatively	0.939
Value- in-use (Cronin et al., 2000; Hendricks, 2018)		0.891	0.932	0.898	0.821
Overall, the value of using a smart speaker to me is high	0.910
Comparing what I give up and what I receive, the use of a smart speaker is of high value	0.906
The use of a smart speaker satisfies my needs and wants	0.902
Continuance intention (Bhattacherjee, 2001)		0.980	0.987	0.980	0.962
I intend to continue using a smart speaker rather than discontinue its use	0.977
I predict I would continue using a smart speaker	0.983
I plan to continue using a smart speaker	0.982

Constructs and items	Loadings	α	CR	roh_A	AVE
Perceived usefulness (Bhattacherjee and Lin, 2015; Davis, 1989)		0.877	0.912	0.918	0.721
Using a smart speaker improves my performance	0.856
Using a smart speaker increases my productivity	0.877
Using a smart speaker enhances my effectiveness	0.871
I find a smart speaker to be useful	0.790
Perceived ease of use (Davis, 1989)		0.927	0.943	0.930	0.735
Learning to operate a smart speaker is easy for me	0.886
I find it easy to get a smart speaker to do what I want it to do	0.778
My interaction with a smart speaker is clear and understandable	0.886
I find a smart speaker to be flexible to interact with	0.806
It is easy for me to become skillful at using a smart speaker	0.864
I find a smart speaker easy to use	0.915
Enjoyment (Venkatesh and Bala, 2008)		0.913	0.945	0.914	0.852
I find using the smart speaker to be enjoyable	0.922
The actual process of using the smart speaker is pleasant	0.892
I have fun using the smart speaker	0.954
System quality (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.910	0.931	0.915	0.692
The performance of smart speakers is being promptly responsive to my requests and provides good access	0.874
Smart speakers perform their functions quickly and efficiently	0.865
Smart speakers are reliable (it is always up and running, runs without errors, and does what it is supposed to do)	0.811
Smart speakers provide perfect and precise services in line with the purpose of the system	0.852
I assume no limitations or problems in using smart speakers and understanding the information rendered by voice output	0.741
Smart speaker systems and the output of information fully meet my needs	0.841
System diversity (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.919	0.939	0.930	0.755
Smart speakers enable me to control many applications	0.889
Smart speakers enable me to control many technical devices	0.827
Smart speakers can execute many commands that I need	0.847
Smart speakers enable me to control a huge amount of applications	0.909
Smart speakers can perform many different tasks	0.871
Device annoyance (Siepmann and Kowalczuk, 2021)		0.861	0.905	0.867	0.706
I think it is disturbing if…
… a smart speaker asks me to speak to him in a different way	0.797
… a smart speaker incorrectly assumes that I have spoken to him	0.851
… a smart speaker sends me notifications (e.g. information about the status of an order, appointments) without being asked	0.839
… a smart speaker says something although I have not talked to him	0.871
Surveillance anxiety (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.883	0.913	0.933	0.727
The idea that I would be under surveillance by a smart speaker frightens me	0.899
I find it objectionable when I do not know what will be recorded by smart speakers	0.923
It would bother me that others see my activities via the smart speaker	0.644
It disturbs me that the smart speaker permanently monitors me	0.913
Security/privacy risk (Kowalczuk, 2018)		0.915	0.946	0.916	0.855
I am worried to use a smart speaker because other people or organizations may be able to access my account	0.916
It is risky to disclose personal information to the smart speakers’ service provider	0.928
There will be much potential loss associated with disclosing personal information to the smart speakers’ service provider	0.929
Perceived benefits (Hendricks, 2018)		0.901	0.953	0.901	0.910
Altogether, the use of a smart speaker offers many advantages	0.954
By considering all the advantages, I evaluate the use of a smart speaker positively	0.954
Perceived costs (Hendricks, 2018)		0.838	0.925	0.851	0.860
Altogether, the use of a smart speaker has many disadvantages	0.917
By considering all the disadvantages, I evaluate the use of a smart speaker negatively	0.939
Value- in-use (Cronin et al., 2000; Hendricks, 2018)		0.891	0.932	0.898	0.821
Overall, the value of using a smart speaker to me is high	0.910
Comparing what I give up and what I receive, the use of a smart speaker is of high value	0.906
The use of a smart speaker satisfies my needs and wants	0.902
Continuance intention (Bhattacherjee, 2001)		0.980	0.987	0.980	0.962
I intend to continue using a smart speaker rather than discontinue its use	0.977
I predict I would continue using a smart speaker	0.983
I plan to continue using a smart speaker	0.982

Source(s):

Authors’ own work

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