Table 3

Classification of shocks

Type of shockShocks traders responded to in the survey
Climate
  1. Delay in receiving maize due to road washout

  2. Maize production shortage due to floods

  3. Logistics shortage or fee hike due to washouts or floods along roads from farm areas to wholesale markets

  4. Maize production shortage due to droughts

  5. Washout or flood in the market destination area

Violence
  1. Boko Haram conflict constraining selling maize

  2. Boko Haram conflict constraining buying maize from farmers

  3. Boko Haram conflict in the north hurting buying from traders

  4. Farmer-herder conflict hurting buying maize from farmers

  5. Other insecurity problems (e.g. banditry/kidnappers)

Spoilage
  1. Aflatoxin outbreak

  2. Pests affecting stored maize

  3. Rodents affecting stored maize

  4. Serious spoilage of maize (e.g. due to mold)

Increase in input prices
  1. Significant increase in maize price

  2. Significant increase in transport cost due to fuel price increases

  3. Significant increase in fuel price

COVID19 (severe)
  1. Reduction of number of permanent or seasonal employees

  2. Reduction of salary of your staff

  3. Used own savings to support business

  4. Sold own assets to support business

Source(s): Authors’ own work based on questionnaires used in their own survey

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