Table 6

Endogeneity resolution using 2SLS instrumental variable approach

Variable1st stage2nd stage1st stage2nd stage1st stage2nd stage
(M1)(M2)(M3)(M2)(M3)(M4)
ESGROAESGROAESGROA
ESG_City (IV)0.861*** (0.012)
ESG_Province (IV)0.821*** (0.026)
ESG_Industry (IV)0.013*** (0.003)
ESG0.138*** (0.019)0.076** (0.034)0.321*** (0.093)
Size0.013*** (0.000)0.007*** (0.000)0.014*** (0.000)0.008*** (0.001)0.015*** (0.000)0.328*** (0.037)
Lev−0.042*** (0.002)−0.103*** (0.002)−0.047*** (0.002)−0.106*** (0.003)−0.050*** (0.002)−0.148 (0.175)
CAR0.018*** (0.004)0.287*** (0.005)0.019*** (0.004)0.288*** (0.005)0.023*** (0.004)1.010*** (0.262)
GRW−0.002*** (0.001)0.035*** (0.001)−0.003*** (0.001)0.034*** (0.001)−0.003*** (0.001)−0.114 (0.165)
Age−0.008*** (0.000)−0.007*** (0.000)−0.010*** (0.000)−0.008*** (0.000)−0.011*** (0.000)0.095*** (0.025)
B_Indp0.070*** (0.000)−0.027*** (0.006)0.079*** (0.006)−0.022*** (0.007)0.073*** (0.006)−0.022** (0.009)
Bsize0.010*** (0.002)0.008*** (0.002)0.011*** (0.002)0.008*** (0.002)0.007*** (0.002)0.091* (0.055)
Top10.012*** (0.002)0.030*** (0.002)0.012*** (0.002)0.030*** (0.002)0.010*** (0.002)−0.157 (0.359)
Duality−0.003*** (0.008)−0.002*** (0.001)−0.003*** (0.001)−0.002*** (0.001)−0.002*** (0.001)0.034 (0.153)
Bgender0.010*** (0.002)0.010*** (0.002)0.012*** (0.002)0.011*** (0.229)0.011*** (0.013)0.018 (0.241)
Liq0.001*** (0.002)0.003*** (0.001)0.016*** (0.002)0.021*** (0.012)0.014*** (0.014)0.016 (0.041)
Constant−0.209*** (0.011)−0.918*** (0.042)−0.206*** (0.020)−0.918*** (0.002)0.383*** (0.007)0.918*** (0.042)
Cragg-Donald Wald4235.964235.9631155.831155.83514.9814.975
Kleibergen-Paap4802.774802.775996.86996.86515.9315.933
Hansen J Statistics0.0000.0000.000
Anderson-Rubin Wald0.00000.02770.0000
Stock-wright LM0.00000.02780.0000
Year FEYesYesYesYesYesYes
Firm FEYesYesYesYesYesYes
Obs303303303303303303

Note(s): This table presents the results from the two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach used to address endogeneity issues. In the first stage (M1, M3, M5), the instrument variables (IV) for ESG are used to predict ESG scores. In the second stage (M2, M4, M6), the estimated ESG values are then regressed on corporate profitability, measured by ROA, to resolve potential endogeneity problems. ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses for all columns

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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