Table 9

System GMM

(1)(2)(3)
VariablesGMM-ESG (Collapsed)GMM-E-S-G (Robust)Diff-GMM (Robustness)
Full sampleROAROA
ESG0.010*** 0.009***
(0.021) (0.019)
Env 0.020***
 (0.031)
Soc 0.017***
 (0.035)
Gov 0.013**
 (0.024)
L.ROA0.235***0.248***0.221***
(0.485)(0.341)(0.402)
ControlsYESYESYES
   
Constant−0.162*−0.185*−0.042
(0.006)(0.008)(0.089)
AR (1) (p-value)0.0770.0820.085
AR (2) (p-value)0.7320.5660.701
Hansen (p-value)0.7220.8740.815
Sargan test (Prob > Chi2)0.9030.70 
Hansen test0.7220.874 

Note(s): This table reports dynamic panel estimates using System GMM and Difference GMM to assess the impact of ESG and its components on ROA. Models account for potential endogeneity with lagged dependent variables and include firm-level controls. Standard errors are robust to heteroskedasticity. Diagnostic tests (AR (1), AR (2), Hansen, and Sargan) confirm instrument validity and model specification. ***, **, and * indicate significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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