Table 1. Key dimensions of responsible... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Key dimensions of responsible AI leadership and their linkages to research questions in healthcare

Dimension	Description	Supporting references	Related research question(s)
Ethical governance and accountability	Establishing clear policies, codes of conduct and ethical frameworks to ensure responsible AI use and data privacy	Gagliardi and Tomaselli (2025); National Academy of Medicine (2024); Kumar et al. (2023); Barrett et al. (2019)	RQ2, RQ3
Patient-centred care and engagement	Using AI to enhance personalised, predictive and preventive care while actively involving patients in decision-making	Barrett et al. (2019); Ennis-O’Connor and O’Connor (2024); Kumar et al. (2023); Fernandes et al. (2024)	RQ1, RQ3
Workforce readiness and digital literacy	Preparing healthcare leaders and staff through upskilling education, and building AI literacy for effective adoption	Movahed and Bilderback (2024); Sposato (2025); Subrahmanyam (2025)	RQ4
Human–AI collaboration and decision support	Leveraging AI to augment rather than replace human judgment, promoting ethical and effective joint decision-making	Yadav et al. (2024); Subrahmanyam (2025); Ruoxing et al. (2025); Barrett et al. (2019)	RQ1, RQ2
Sustainability and inclusivity	Ensuring AI applications promote sustainable healthcare outcomes and equitable access across diverse populations	Haque, 2021; Fernandes et al. (2024); Gagliardi and Tomaselli (2025); Kumar et al. (2023)	RQ2, RQ4

Dimension	Description	Supporting references	Related research question(s)
Ethical governance and accountability	Establishing clear policies, codes of conduct and ethical frameworks to ensure responsible AI use and data privacy	Gagliardi and Tomaselli (2025); National Academy of Medicine (2024); Kumar et al. (2023); Barrett et al. (2019)	RQ2, RQ3
Patient-centred care and engagement	Using AI to enhance personalised, predictive and preventive care while actively involving patients in decision-making	Barrett et al. (2019); Ennis-O’Connor and O’Connor (2024); Kumar et al. (2023); Fernandes et al. (2024)	RQ1, RQ3
Workforce readiness and digital literacy	Preparing healthcare leaders and staff through upskilling education, and building AI literacy for effective adoption	Movahed and Bilderback (2024); Sposato (2025); Subrahmanyam (2025)	RQ4
Human–AI collaboration and decision support	Leveraging AI to augment rather than replace human judgment, promoting ethical and effective joint decision-making	Yadav et al. (2024); Subrahmanyam (2025); Ruoxing et al. (2025); Barrett et al. (2019)	RQ1, RQ2
Sustainability and inclusivity	Ensuring AI applications promote sustainable healthcare outcomes and equitable access across diverse populations	Haque, 2021; Fernandes et al. (2024); Gagliardi and Tomaselli (2025); Kumar et al. (2023)	RQ2, RQ4

Source(s): Author’s own work