Table 4

Variable definition/measurement and descriptive statistics by survey year

VariablesSample20192023
MeanStd. dev.MeanStd. dev.MeanStd. dev.
NDVI0.160.050.180.050.140.05
GNDVI0.180.060.200.060.160.06
LSLADE_investment49.9028.3040.8629.7158.9523.59
LSLADE_method_use0.470.200.330.170.610.19
Gender_hhh0.270.450.280.450.260.44
Age_hhh47.5012.8848.1713.2146.8212.51
Edu_hhh3.215.174.065.802.364.28
Hsize12.597.2612.967.4412.237.07
Asset0.131.130.181.180.071.07
Remittances0.190.400.220.410.170.38
Gmembership0.420.490.410.490.430.50
Tleadership0.390.490.300.460.470.50
Gleadership0.210.410.090.290.330.47
Floods0.790.410.750.430.830.38
Drought0.120.330.020.140.230.42
Plot_dist_mkt9.6814.998.4915.0610.8714.83
Gfertility0.330.470.300.460.360.48
Mfertility0.470.500.490.500.450.50
Pfertility0.170.370.170.370.160.37
Mdepth0.080.270.080.270.080.28
Mdepth0.550.500.640.480.470.50
Sdepth0.310.460.210.410.400.49
Mslope0.470.500.420.490.520.50
Mslope0.450.500.500.500.400.49
Sslope0.060.240.050.230.070.25
Elevation179.4454.78178.9054.43179.9955.16
Avgmaxtemperature34.710.6334.710.6434.710.63
Avgmintemperature23.260.3423.260.3423.260.35
AvgPPT1294.107.0794.117.0594.097.09
Pop_dens0.191.430.191.430.191.43
Urbanization0.797.090.797.090.797.09
Region10.170.380.140.350.200.40
Region20.170.370.260.440.070.26
Region30.170.380.080.280.260.44
Region40.180.380.210.410.150.36
Region50.180.380.190.390.170.38
LGDE_nself8.5310.009.7011.277.368.40

Note(s): In all estimations, the Northern Region is the reference category. For soil properties, steep_slope, shallow_depth and poor are the reference categories for slope, depth and fertility of the soil, respectively

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