Table 1

Summary KPIs in sugar industries

KPI themeNotationStatementsReference
TechnologicalKPI1DT Integration Score: the percentage of old OT systems (SCADA/PLC) that are linked to the DT platformStewart (2025) 
TechnologicalKPI2Data Interoperability Index: the percentage of data transfers that follow semantic ontology rulesISO 23247 (2025) 
TechnologicalKPI3DT Latency Reduction: The average time it takes for data to sync from operations technology (OT) to DT in millisecondsMcKinsey (2024) 
TechnologicalKPI4Hybrid Model Deployment: Number of active DT modules in sugar operationsHuang et al. (2023) 
TechnologicalKPI5Model Refresh Frequency: how many times, the DT model gets updated in real time each hourLiang et al. (2023) 
OperationalKPI6Overall Equipment Efficiency Prediction Accuracy: the ratio of DT-predicted and actual Effectiveness of All EquipmentWang et al. (2021) 
OperationalKPI7Sugar Recovery Forecast Accuracy: The percentage of sugar recovery predictions that match lab resultsStewart (2025) 
OperationalKPI8Sensor Coverage Ratio: the average number of IoT sensors for each step in a process, like boiling or grindingStewart (2025) 
OperationalKPI9Predictive Downtime Accuracy: the percentage of correct DT maintenance alerts that come before a failureIBM (2024) 
OperationalKPI10DT Uptime: The percentage of time the DT system is available during production hoursAugustine (2020) 
FinancialKPI11RoDI = return on investment (ROI) on digital twin deployment after one harvest season. These are initial returns and multi-season follow-up depends on learning curves and capital intensity in millsYang et al. (2026) 
FinancialKPI12Percentage of maintenance costs saved: the difference between what DT-based projections say and what has happened in the pastAivaliotis et al. (2019) 
FinancialKPI13CapEx per DT Node: the amount of money needed to set up a sensor, computer, and network unitMcKinsey (2024) 
EnvironmentalKPI14Water Use per Ton Cane: DT keeps track of how many litres of water are utilised per tonne of caneStewart (2025) 
EnvironmentalKPI15Carbon Emission Index: DT keeps track of and lowers the Carbon Emission Index, which is the amount of CO2 released per ton of sugar (kg)Arsecularatne et al. (2024) 
EnvironmentalKPI16Bagasse Utilization Efficiency: the percentage of bagasse that is reused, tracked by DTStewart (2025) 
StrategicKPI17Digital Literacy Rate: the percentage of DT-trained workers that use dashboards at least once a weekOmrany et al. (2025) 
StrategicKPI18DT Simulation Agility Index: The number of hours it takes to simulate changes in a process or supply chainMcKinsey (2024) 
StrategicKPI19Strategic Positioning Index:
Measures the organization's readiness to leverage DT for future competitive advantage and alignment with industry trends
Bunjaridh et al. (2025) 
SecurityKPI20Stakeholder Satisfaction Score: % of those that rate DT usefulness at least 8 out of 10Tripathi et al. (2024) 
SecurityKPI21Access Compliance Rate: the percentage of DT services that have role-based access control and audit logsISO 23247 (2025) 
EnvironmentalKPI22Sustainability Tracking Rate: the percentage of important ESG KPIs that DT keeps an eye onZhao et al. (2021) 
OperationalKPI23Flexibility Index for Processes: Time to change process settings for seasonal changesMcKinsey (2024) 
OperationalKPI24Defect Rate Reduction: The percentage of non-conforming output that goes down because of DT alertsSresakoolchai and Kaewunruen (2023) 
Source(s): Authors’ own compilation

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