Table 5

Summary of MICMAC analysis results

CategoryKPI codeRelationship with SDGs
Independent KPIsKPI1Updating old technology Integrating OT makes infrastructure (SDG 9.1) and resource use (SDG 9.4) more efficient
KPI2Standardized data interchange helps the sector stay strong (SDG 9.1) and builds data capacity (SDG 17.18)
KPI5Frequent updates show that a company has a lot of research and development and innovation (SDG 9.5)
Linkage KPIsKPI3Faster synchronization makes manufacturing facilities work better
KPI4Integrating AI with physics models boosts the ability to come up with new ideas
KPI6Accuracy aligns with resource-efficient infrastructure (SDG 9.4)
KPI7Forecasting supports innovation and sustainable production
KPI9Trustworthy alerts reduce downtime, improving industrial efficiency
KPI10Continuous uptime supports resilient infrastructure (SDG 9.1) and productivity (SDG 8.2)
KPI11Profitability reflects productivity gains (SDG 8.2) and industrial modernization (SDG 9.4)
KPI12Reduced costs strengthen productivity growth
KPI13Capital costs represent industrial investments for efficiency improvements
KPI14Matches water-use efficiency (SDG 6.4) and sustainable consumption (SDG 12.2)
KPI15Carbon intensity reduction directly supports climate action (SDG 13.2)
KPI16Bagasse reuse reduces fossil fuel reliance (SDG 12.2) and supports renewable energy (SDG 7.2)
KPI17Skills development (4.4) supports productivity growth (8.2)
KPI23Flexibility enhances industrial resilience and efficiency
KPI24Reducing defects lowers waste, supporting sustainable production (SDG 12.5)
Dependent KPIsKPI18Simulation agility enhances process efficiency and planning
KPI19Reflects innovation adoption (SDG 9) and partnerships (SDG 17)
KPI20Builds stakeholder trust, indirectly contributing to strong institutions (SDG 16)
KPI21Ensures accountability (SDG 16.6) and access to information (SDG 16.10)
KPI22Real-time ESG tracking supports sustainable practices (SDG 12.6) and climate integration (SDG 13.2)
KPI8Wider IoT sensor coverage supports industrial innovation capacity
Source(s): Authors’ own compilation

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