Table 1. Comparative framework matrix... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Comparative framework matrix for CT integrated EE programs

Program/case	CT integration model	Pedagogical approach	Target audience	Entrepreneurial outcomes	Qualitative insights/observations
University CT integrated entrepreneurship program	CT embedded in projects	Problem-based learning, mentorship-driven	Undergraduate STEM	High innovation mindset scores, several startup launches	Themes: “iterative problem-solving,” “network building.” Discourses: strong emphasis on “disruption” and “market opportunity”
Online CT integrated startup incubator	Dedicated CT course, CT as a cross-curricular theme	Case studies, self-paced modules	Adult learners, aspiring entrepreneurs	Moderate startup success rate, high skill acquisition	Themes: “flexibility,” “practical application.” Discourses: focus on “lean startup” principles,” digital transformation”
High school CT integrated innovation lab	CT embedded in projects	Project-based learning, design thinking	High school students	Increased creativity scores, social impact projects	Themes: “collaborative learning,” “real-world impact.” Discourses: “design for good,” “community solutions”
Community college CT integrated entrepreneurship track	CT as a cross-curricular theme	Experiential learning, local business partnerships	Diverse adult learners	Local business creation, community engagement	Themes: “local relevance,” “sustainable growth.” Discourses: “community wealth,” “inclusive innovation”

Program/case	CT integration model	Pedagogical approach	Target audience	Entrepreneurial outcomes	Qualitative insights/observations
University CT integrated entrepreneurship program	CT embedded in projects	Problem-based learning, mentorship-driven	Undergraduate STEM	High innovation mindset scores, several startup launches	Themes: “iterative problem-solving,” “network building.” Discourses: strong emphasis on “disruption” and “market opportunity”
Online CT integrated startup incubator	Dedicated CT course, CT as a cross-curricular theme	Case studies, self-paced modules	Adult learners, aspiring entrepreneurs	Moderate startup success rate, high skill acquisition	Themes: “flexibility,” “practical application.” Discourses: focus on “lean startup” principles,” digital transformation”
High school CT integrated innovation lab	CT embedded in projects	Project-based learning, design thinking	High school students	Increased creativity scores, social impact projects	Themes: “collaborative learning,” “real-world impact.” Discourses: “design for good,” “community solutions”
Community college CT integrated entrepreneurship track	CT as a cross-curricular theme	Experiential learning, local business partnerships	Diverse adult learners	Local business creation, community engagement	Themes: “local relevance,” “sustainable growth.” Discourses: “community wealth,” “inclusive innovation”

Source(s): Authors’ own work