Table 1 Construct measurement and...

Table 1

Construct measurement and sources

Construct	Item	Measure	Source
Interactivity (INT)	INT1	The MOOCs platform can allow me to take control of my learning activities	Pituch and Lee (2006)
	INT2	The MOOCs platform can present course materials in a multimedia and readable format	Lin et al. (2017)
	INT3	The MOOCs platform can respond quickly to my request and facilitate two-way communication between learners and instructors and among learners	Garcia-Loro et al. (2020)
	INT4	The MOOCs platform can provide learners with self-paced learning, scheduled courses, and personalized feedback	Kiselev and Yakutenko (2020)
Virtual rewards giving (VRG)	VRG1	I can acquire virtual points/badges/medals when I complete pre-designed learning tasks in the MOOCs learning environment	Zhang et al. (2021)
	VRG2	I can acquire virtual points/badges/medals when I Interact with instructors/other learners in the MOOCs learning environment	Wang et al. (2023)
	VRG3	I can acquire higher virtual points/badges/medals via the level-up mechanisms when I perform outstandingly in the MOOCs learning environment	Wang et al. (2024)
	VRG4	Virtual rewards are the incentive mechanisms encouraging my participation in the MOOCs learning environment
Psychological learning engagement (PLE)	PLE1	When I participate in MOOCs, I am energized by the learning activities	Stumpf et al. (2013)
	PLE2	When I participate in MOOCs, I am enthusiastic about the learning activities	Sun et al. (2020)
	PLE3	When I participate in MOOCs, I find the learning activities interesting
	PLE4	When I participate in MOOCs, I am satisfied with the learning activities
Social learning engagement (SLE)	SLE1	I often respond to other learners’ questions in the MOOCs	Fang et al. (2019)
	SLE2	I contribute regularly to course discussions in the MOOCs	Deng et al. (2020)
	SLE3	I often share learning materials and my viewpoints with other learners in the MOOCs
	SLE4	I am active in interacting with instructors and other learners in the MOOCs learning process
Learning persistence (LP)	LP1	I am confident that I can overcome obstacles in the MOOCs learning process	Shin (2003)
	LP2	I will finish learning in the MOOCs no matter how difficult it may be	Wolters (2004)
	LP3	I intend to persist in learning in the MOOCs rather than dropping out	Dai et al. (2020)
	LP4	My intentions are to persist in learning in the MOOCs rather than using any other alternative means
Learning outcomes (LO)	LO1	I have understood the video lectures and course materials taught in MOOCs	Paechter et al. (2010)
	LO2	I have developed skills on how to apply the knowledge in MOOCs	Wei et al. (2023)
	LO3	I can apply what I learn in the MOOCs to real-world situations	Dalgıç et al. (2024)

Construct	Item	Measure	Source
Interactivity (INT)	INT1	The MOOCs platform can allow me to take control of my learning activities	Pituch and Lee (2006)
	INT2	The MOOCs platform can present course materials in a multimedia and readable format	Lin et al. (2017)
	INT3	The MOOCs platform can respond quickly to my request and facilitate two-way communication between learners and instructors and among learners	Garcia-Loro et al. (2020)
	INT4	The MOOCs platform can provide learners with self-paced learning, scheduled courses, and personalized feedback	Kiselev and Yakutenko (2020)
Virtual rewards giving (VRG)	VRG1	I can acquire virtual points/badges/medals when I complete pre-designed learning tasks in the MOOCs learning environment	Zhang et al. (2021)
	VRG2	I can acquire virtual points/badges/medals when I Interact with instructors/other learners in the MOOCs learning environment	Wang et al. (2023)
	VRG3	I can acquire higher virtual points/badges/medals via the level-up mechanisms when I perform outstandingly in the MOOCs learning environment	Wang et al. (2024)
	VRG4	Virtual rewards are the incentive mechanisms encouraging my participation in the MOOCs learning environment
Psychological learning engagement (PLE)	PLE1	When I participate in MOOCs, I am energized by the learning activities	Stumpf et al. (2013)
	PLE2	When I participate in MOOCs, I am enthusiastic about the learning activities	Sun et al. (2020)
	PLE3	When I participate in MOOCs, I find the learning activities interesting
	PLE4	When I participate in MOOCs, I am satisfied with the learning activities
Social learning engagement (SLE)	SLE1	I often respond to other learners’ questions in the MOOCs	Fang et al. (2019)
	SLE2	I contribute regularly to course discussions in the MOOCs	Deng et al. (2020)
	SLE3	I often share learning materials and my viewpoints with other learners in the MOOCs
	SLE4	I am active in interacting with instructors and other learners in the MOOCs learning process
Learning persistence (LP)	LP1	I am confident that I can overcome obstacles in the MOOCs learning process	Shin (2003)
	LP2	I will finish learning in the MOOCs no matter how difficult it may be	Wolters (2004)
	LP3	I intend to persist in learning in the MOOCs rather than dropping out	Dai et al. (2020)
	LP4	My intentions are to persist in learning in the MOOCs rather than using any other alternative means
Learning outcomes (LO)	LO1	I have understood the video lectures and course materials taught in MOOCs	Paechter et al. (2010)
	LO2	I have developed skills on how to apply the knowledge in MOOCs	Wei et al. (2023)
	LO3	I can apply what I learn in the MOOCs to real-world situations	Dalgıç et al. (2024)

Source(s): The author’s own creation/work

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