Table 3. Risk of bias Study Domain 1:... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Risk of bias

Study	Domain 1: Risk of bias arising from the randomization process	Domain 2: Risk of bias due to deviations from the intended interventions (effect of adhering to intervention	Domain 3: Missing some responses on outcome data	Domain 4: Risk of bias in measurement of the outcome	Domain 5: Risk of bias in selection of the reported result	Overall risk of bias
Douma et al. (2021)	+	+	+	+	–	Low
Jin et al. (2023)	+	–	+	+	–	Low
Joosten et al. (2024)	–	–	?	–	–	Low
Kohut et al. (2021)	+	?	+	?	–	Moderate
Lappalainen et al. (2021)	+	+	+	+	–	Low
McMillan et al. (2022)	–	–	+	+	–	Low
Muscara et al. (2020)	+	+	+	+	–	Low
Rayner et al. (2016a, 2016b)	+	+	+	?	+	Moderate
Sairanen et al. (2019)	+	?	+	+	–	Low
Whittingham et al. (2022)	+	+	+	+	–	Low

Study	Domain 1: Risk ofbias arising fromthe randomizationprocess	Domain 2: Risk ofbias due to deviationsfrom the intendedinterventions (effect ofadhering to intervention	Domain 3: Missingsome responses onoutcome data	Domain 4: Risk ofbias in measurementof the outcome	Domain 5: Risk ofbias in selectionof the reportedresult	Overallrisk ofbias
Douma et al. (2021)	+	+	+	+	–	Low
Jin et al. (2023)	+	–	+	+	–	Low
Joosten et al. (2024)	–	–	?	–	–	Low
Kohut et al. (2021)	+	?	+	?	–	Moderate
Lappalainen et al. (2021)	+	+	+	+	–	Low
McMillan et al. (2022)	–	–	+	+	–	Low
Muscara et al. (2020)	+	+	+	+	–	Low
Rayner et al. (2016a, 2016b)	+	+	+	?	+	Moderate
Sairanen et al. (2019)	+	?	+	+	–	Low
Whittingham et al. (2022)	+	+	+	+	–	Low

Note(s): “+” indicates presence of risk; “-” indicates absence of risk; “?” indicates unable to judge due to limited information

Source(s): Authors’ own work