Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of the indicators used in the empirical endeavour, EU-27, 2016–2023

Variable	Valid	Median	Mean	Std. deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis	Shapiro-Wilk	p-value of Shapiro-Wilk	Minimum	Maximum
HR	216	104.44	101.62	43.81	0.093	−1.000	0.967	<0.001	17.396	191.833
AT_RES	216	101.34	108.18	59.38	0.325	−0.976	0.953	<0.001	18.385	244.903
FIN_S	216	90.31	88.73	34.64	−0.082	−0.831	0.981	0.005	15.634	161.736
FINV	216	75.96	79.55	34.30	0.433	−0.374	0.970	<0.001	14.922	158.448
U_I_TECH	216	106.55	107.11	44.87	0.163	−0.568	0.985	0.018	17.591	204.056
INNOV	216	127.04	116.40	60.56	−0.237	−0.908	0.961	<0.001	0.000	233.822
LINK	216	143.93	149.34	74.14	0.161	−0.816	0.974	<0.001	8.189	298.692
INTEL_A	216	79.18	83.42	32.34	0.101	−1.098	0.960	<0.001	23.836	143.323
EMPL_I	216	111.80	104.06	42.91	−0.370	−0.768	0.960	<0.001	11.725	179.715
ENVS	216	87.96	87.63	28.56	−0.253	−0.864	0.972	<0.001	23.887	149.156

Variable	Valid	Median	Mean	Std. deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis	Shapiro-Wilk	p-value of Shapiro-Wilk	Minimum	Maximum
HR	216	104.44	101.62	43.81	0.093	−1.000	0.967	<0.001	17.396	191.833
AT_RES	216	101.34	108.18	59.38	0.325	−0.976	0.953	<0.001	18.385	244.903
FIN_S	216	90.31	88.73	34.64	−0.082	−0.831	0.981	0.005	15.634	161.736
FINV	216	75.96	79.55	34.30	0.433	−0.374	0.970	<0.001	14.922	158.448
U_I_TECH	216	106.55	107.11	44.87	0.163	−0.568	0.985	0.018	17.591	204.056
INNOV	216	127.04	116.40	60.56	−0.237	−0.908	0.961	<0.001	0.000	233.822
LINK	216	143.93	149.34	74.14	0.161	−0.816	0.974	<0.001	8.189	298.692
INTEL_A	216	79.18	83.42	32.34	0.101	−1.098	0.960	<0.001	23.836	143.323
EMPL_I	216	111.80	104.06	42.91	−0.370	−0.768	0.960	<0.001	11.725	179.715
ENVS	216	87.96	87.63	28.56	−0.253	−0.864	0.972	<0.001	23.887	149.156

Source(s): Authors’ research in JASP