Table 1. List of studies included in the...

Table 1.

List of studies included in the meta-analysis

Study	N	R	Published?	Worker attribute (IV)	Work attitude (DV)	Mean age	α (IV)	α (DV)
1 Allan, Dexter, Kinsey, & Parker (2018)	212	−0.20	No	Stress	JS	32.95	0.96	0.90
2 Barnes, Miller, & Bostock (2017)	55	−0.25	Yes	Negative affect	JS	52.46	0.75	0.89
3 Basford, Offermann, & Behrend (2014)	511	0.26	Yes	Positive affect	AC	38.25	0.93	0.85
3 Basford et al. (2014)	511	−0.10	Yes	Negative affect	AC	38.25	0.93	0.85
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	0.61	Yes	Positive affect	JS	32.08	0.93	0.88
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	−0.42	Yes	Positive affect	TI	32.08	0.93	0.97
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	−0.31	Yes	Negative affect	JS	32.08	0.88	0.88
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	−0.37	Yes	Negative affect	TI	32.08	0.88	0.97
5 Chen and Qi (2022)	243	0.47	Yes	Job stress	TI	29.75	0.92	0.91
6 Chen et al. (2019)	309	−0.33	Yes	Negative affect	JS	29.78	0.92	0.93
7 Cialdini, Li, Samper, & Wellman (2021)	120	−0.39	Yes	Stress	TI	35.60	0.80	0.78
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	0.60	Yes	Positive affect	JS	30.91	0.93	0.90
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	−0.34	Yes	Positive affect	TI	30.91	0.93	0.95
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	−0.45	Yes	Negative affect	JS	30.91	0.92	0.90
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	0.34	Yes	Negative affect	TI	30.91	0.92	0.87
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	407	−0.24	Yes	Negative affect	OC	23.95	0.91	0.72
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	747	−0.23	Yes	Negative affect	OC	24.58	0.93	0.93
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	407	0.56	Yes	Positive affect	OC	23.95	0.89	0.72
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	747	0.39	Yes	Positive affect	OC	24.58	0.92	0.93
10 *He, Costa, Walker, Miner, & Wooderson (2019)	518	−0.24	Yes	Stress	JS	32.80	0.91	0.94
10 He et al. (2019)	518	0.25	Yes	Stress	TI	32.80	0.91	0.90
11 Holland, Rabelo, Gustafson, Seabrook, & Cortina (2016)	321	0.46	No	Well-being	JS	32.00	0.80	0.93
12 Kuykendall et al. (2017)	564	0.53	Yes	Positive affect	JS	36.80	0.93	0.93
12 Kuykendall et al. (2017)	564	−0.40	Yes	Negative affect	JS	36.80	0.93	0.93
13 Leavitt et al. (2019)	1479	0.61	Yes	Positive affect	Person-JS	35.00	0.92	0.89
13 Leavitt et al. (2019)	1479	0.46	Yes	Positive affect	State-JS	35.00	0.92	0.85
14 Lyubykh (2016)	261	−0.45	No	Negative affect	JS	35.80	0.90	0.90
15 Mai, Ellis, Christian, & Porter (2016)	177	−0.58	Yes	Negative affect	OC	33.21	0.88	0.91
15 Mai et al. (2016)	177	0.60	Yes	Negative affect	TI	33.21	0.88	0.96
16 Marchiondo, Gonzales, & Ran (2016)	389	−0.35	Yes	Negative affect	JS	55.50	0.95	0.92
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	403	−0.29	Yes	Negative affect	JS	25.20	0.90	0.92
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	407	−0.29	Yes	Negative affect	JS	36.70	0.92	0.95
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	389	0.34	Yes	Negative affect	TI	55.50	0.95	0.83
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	403	0.29	Yes	Negative affect	TI	25.20	0.90	0.82
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	407	0.28	Yes	Negative affect	TI	36.70	0.92	0.90
17 Matthews & Ritter (2019)	625	0.40	Yes	Well-being	AC	35.65	0.86	0.93
17 Matthews & Ritter (2019)	625	−0.42	Yes	Well-being	TI	35.65	0.86	0.94
18 Perkins (2022)	342	−0.46	No	Stress	AC	35.56	0.91	0.90
19 Philip (2019)	199	−0.17	No	Stress	JS	46.16	0.82	0.83
19 Philip (2019)	373	−0.25	No	Stress	JS	39.39	0.86	0.71
19 Philip (2019)	199	−0.08	No	Stress	TI	46.16	0.83	0.83
19 Philip (2019)	373	−0.03	No	Stress	TI	39.39	0.86	0.74
20 Reif et al. (2022)	402	−0.28	Yes	Stress	JS	35.88	0.89	0.89
20 Reif et al. (2022)	402	−0.08	Yes	Stress	OC	35.88	0.91	0.81
21 Sakr, Son Hing, and González-Morales (2023)	712	−0.41	Yes	Stress	JS	37.16	0.85	0.92
21 Sakr et al. (2023)	712	−0.41	Yes	Stress	TI	37.16	0.85	0.88
22 Shoss, Brummel, Probst, & Jiang (2020)	289	−0.43	Yes	Job stress	JS	32.00	0.91	0.90
22 Shoss et al. (2020)	289	−0.49	Yes	Job stress	AC	32.00	0.90	0.87
22 Shoss et al. (2020)	289	0.53	Yes	Job stress	TI	32.00	0.91	0.90
23 Sischka, Melzer, Schmidt, & Steffgen (2021)	1257	0.65	Yes	Well-being	JS	37.70	0.91	0.94
23 Sischka et al. (2021)	1257	−0.49	Yes	Well-being	TI	37.70	0.91	0.87
24 Spector, Gray, & Rosen (2023)	276	−0.44	Yes	Negative affect	JS	34.29	0.92	0.91
24 Spector et al. (2023)	276	0.34	Yes	Negative affectivity	TI	34.29	0.92	0.81
25 Tucker & Jimmieson (2017)	210	0.23	No	Stress	TI	33.40	0.92	0.87
26 Varga, Mistry, Ali, & Cobanoglu (2021)	621	−0.15	Yes	Well-being	TI	34.00	0.85	0.91
26 Varga et al. (2021)	676	0.71	Yes	Stress	TI	34.00	0.96	0.91

Study	N	R	Published?	Worker attribute (IV)	Work attitude (DV)	Mean age	α (IV)	α (DV)
1 Allan, Dexter, Kinsey, & Parker (2018)	212	−0.20	No	Stress	JS	32.95	0.96	0.90
2 Barnes, Miller, & Bostock (2017)	55	−0.25	Yes	Negative affect	JS	52.46	0.75	0.89
3 Basford, Offermann, & Behrend (2014)	511	0.26	Yes	Positive affect	AC	38.25	0.93	0.85
3 Basford et al. (2014)	511	−0.10	Yes	Negative affect	AC	38.25	0.93	0.85
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	0.61	Yes	Positive affect	JS	32.08	0.93	0.88
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	−0.42	Yes	Positive affect	TI	32.08	0.93	0.97
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	−0.31	Yes	Negative affect	JS	32.08	0.88	0.88
4 Brawley & Pury (2016)	357	−0.37	Yes	Negative affect	TI	32.08	0.88	0.97
5 Chen and Qi (2022)	243	0.47	Yes	Job stress	TI	29.75	0.92	0.91
6 Chen et al. (2019)	309	−0.33	Yes	Negative affect	JS	29.78	0.92	0.93
7 Cialdini, Li, Samper, & Wellman (2021)	120	−0.39	Yes	Stress	TI	35.60	0.80	0.78
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	0.60	Yes	Positive affect	JS	30.91	0.93	0.90
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	−0.34	Yes	Positive affect	TI	30.91	0.93	0.95
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	−0.45	Yes	Negative affect	JS	30.91	0.92	0.90
8 Cohen et al. (2013)	411	0.34	Yes	Negative affect	TI	30.91	0.92	0.87
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	407	−0.24	Yes	Negative affect	OC	23.95	0.91	0.72
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	747	−0.23	Yes	Negative affect	OC	24.58	0.93	0.93
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	407	0.56	Yes	Positive affect	OC	23.95	0.89	0.72
9 Haight & Busseri (2021)	747	0.39	Yes	Positive affect	OC	24.58	0.92	0.93
10 *He, Costa, Walker, Miner, & Wooderson (2019)	518	−0.24	Yes	Stress	JS	32.80	0.91	0.94
10 He et al. (2019)	518	0.25	Yes	Stress	TI	32.80	0.91	0.90
11 Holland, Rabelo, Gustafson, Seabrook, & Cortina (2016)	321	0.46	No	Well-being	JS	32.00	0.80	0.93
12 Kuykendall et al. (2017)	564	0.53	Yes	Positive affect	JS	36.80	0.93	0.93
12 Kuykendall et al. (2017)	564	−0.40	Yes	Negative affect	JS	36.80	0.93	0.93
13 Leavitt et al. (2019)	1479	0.61	Yes	Positive affect	Person-JS	35.00	0.92	0.89
13 Leavitt et al. (2019)	1479	0.46	Yes	Positive affect	State-JS	35.00	0.92	0.85
14 Lyubykh (2016)	261	−0.45	No	Negative affect	JS	35.80	0.90	0.90
15 Mai, Ellis, Christian, & Porter (2016)	177	−0.58	Yes	Negative affect	OC	33.21	0.88	0.91
15 Mai et al. (2016)	177	0.60	Yes	Negative affect	TI	33.21	0.88	0.96
16 Marchiondo, Gonzales, & Ran (2016)	389	−0.35	Yes	Negative affect	JS	55.50	0.95	0.92
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	403	−0.29	Yes	Negative affect	JS	25.20	0.90	0.92
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	407	−0.29	Yes	Negative affect	JS	36.70	0.92	0.95
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	389	0.34	Yes	Negative affect	TI	55.50	0.95	0.83
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	403	0.29	Yes	Negative affect	TI	25.20	0.90	0.82
16 Marchiondo et al. (2016)	407	0.28	Yes	Negative affect	TI	36.70	0.92	0.90
17 Matthews & Ritter (2019)	625	0.40	Yes	Well-being	AC	35.65	0.86	0.93
17 Matthews & Ritter (2019)	625	−0.42	Yes	Well-being	TI	35.65	0.86	0.94
18 Perkins (2022)	342	−0.46	No	Stress	AC	35.56	0.91	0.90
19 Philip (2019)	199	−0.17	No	Stress	JS	46.16	0.82	0.83
19 Philip (2019)	373	−0.25	No	Stress	JS	39.39	0.86	0.71
19 Philip (2019)	199	−0.08	No	Stress	TI	46.16	0.83	0.83
19 Philip (2019)	373	−0.03	No	Stress	TI	39.39	0.86	0.74
20 Reif et al. (2022)	402	−0.28	Yes	Stress	JS	35.88	0.89	0.89
20 Reif et al. (2022)	402	−0.08	Yes	Stress	OC	35.88	0.91	0.81
21 Sakr, Son Hing, and González-Morales (2023)	712	−0.41	Yes	Stress	JS	37.16	0.85	0.92
21 Sakr et al. (2023)	712	−0.41	Yes	Stress	TI	37.16	0.85	0.88
22 Shoss, Brummel, Probst, & Jiang (2020)	289	−0.43	Yes	Job stress	JS	32.00	0.91	0.90
22 Shoss et al. (2020)	289	−0.49	Yes	Job stress	AC	32.00	0.90	0.87
22 Shoss et al. (2020)	289	0.53	Yes	Job stress	TI	32.00	0.91	0.90
23 Sischka, Melzer, Schmidt, & Steffgen (2021)	1257	0.65	Yes	Well-being	JS	37.70	0.91	0.94
23 Sischka et al. (2021)	1257	−0.49	Yes	Well-being	TI	37.70	0.91	0.87
24 Spector, Gray, & Rosen (2023)	276	−0.44	Yes	Negative affect	JS	34.29	0.92	0.91
24 Spector et al. (2023)	276	0.34	Yes	Negative affectivity	TI	34.29	0.92	0.81
25 Tucker & Jimmieson (2017)	210	0.23	No	Stress	TI	33.40	0.92	0.87
26 Varga, Mistry, Ali, & Cobanoglu (2021)	621	−0.15	Yes	Well-being	TI	34.00	0.85	0.91
26 Varga et al. (2021)	676	0.71	Yes	Stress	TI	34.00	0.96	0.91

Note(s):

n = Sample size; r = observed correlation; JS = job satisfaction; OC = organizational commitment; AC = affective commitment; TI = turnover intentions; α = Cronbach’s alpha; IV = independent variable; DV = dependent variable

Source(s): Table by authors

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