Existing measures of IO
| Scale | Domain | No. of items | Dimensions | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hurt et al.'s (1977) individual innovativeness scale | Students and teachers | 20 items | Five innovativeness categories: innovator, early adopter, early majority, late majority, laggard | The scale is not generalised beyond students and teachers sample and displays poor convergent validity |
| Llopis and D'Este (2022)’s individual innovativeness scale | Biomedical setting, medical innovation | 11 items | Four dimensions: product generation, drug development, clinical guidelines, diagnostics and prevention | The scale has not used Likert scale (drop down menu 0–10 for level of involvement in each dimension) |
| Agarwal and Prasad (1998)’s PIIT scale | Personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology | 4 items | Unidimensional | The scale is unidimensional and only pertains to innovation regarding information technology and domain specific innovativeness |
| Janssen’s (2000) innovative work behaviours scale | Individual innovative behaviour in the workplace | 9 items | Three dimensions: idea generation, idea promotion, idea realisation | This scale is built on categories, i.e. typologies of innovators, which runs counter to the study’s aims, which are to focus on individuals’ dispositions towards innovation |
| Robinson et al.’s (1991) EAO scale | Entrepreneurial attitude orientation; studies four possible attitudes associated with entrepreneurship (achievement, self-esteem, personal control and innovation) | 75 items | Four sub-scales: achievement (23 items), self-esteem (14 items), personal control (12 items) and innovation (26 items); each scale has 3 components: affect, cognition and conation | This scale focuses on entrepreneurial mindsets, and innovation is not the primary construct under research, hence, it lacks to sufficiently measure IO |
| Yi et al.’s (2006) ACI scale | Adopter category innovativeness; individual characteristics that affect acceptance decisions for technologies | 14 items | Four adopter categories: innovative adopters, early majority, late majority, laggard | This scale focuses on categories of innovators contrary to the study’s objectives, which are to focus on individuals’ orientations towards innovation |
| Scale | Domain | No. of items | Dimensions | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Students and teachers | 20 items | Five innovativeness categories: innovator, early adopter, early majority, late majority, laggard | The scale is not generalised beyond students and teachers sample and displays poor convergent validity | |
| Llopis and D'Este (2022)’s individual innovativeness scale | Biomedical setting, medical innovation | 11 items | Four dimensions: product generation, drug development, clinical guidelines, diagnostics and prevention | The scale has not used Likert scale (drop down menu 0–10 for level of involvement in each dimension) |
| Personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology | 4 items | Unidimensional | The scale is unidimensional and only pertains to innovation regarding information technology and domain specific innovativeness | |
| Individual innovative behaviour in the workplace | 9 items | Three dimensions: idea generation, idea promotion, idea realisation | This scale is built on categories, i.e. typologies of innovators, which runs counter to the study’s aims, which are to focus on individuals’ dispositions towards innovation | |
| Entrepreneurial attitude orientation; studies four possible attitudes associated with entrepreneurship (achievement, self-esteem, personal control and innovation) | 75 items | Four sub-scales: achievement (23 items), self-esteem (14 items), personal control (12 items) and innovation (26 items); each scale has 3 components: affect, cognition and conation | This scale focuses on entrepreneurial mindsets, and innovation is not the primary construct under research, hence, it lacks to sufficiently measure IO | |
| Adopter category innovativeness; individual characteristics that affect acceptance decisions for technologies | 14 items | Four adopter categories: innovative adopters, early majority, late majority, laggard | This scale focuses on categories of innovators contrary to the study’s objectives, which are to focus on individuals’ orientations towards innovation |
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