Table 1 Scientific gap Scientific aspect... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Scientific gap

Scientific aspect	Previous research	Position of this research
Digital citizenship	Ribble (2015): Stated important elements associated with digital citizenship, such as literacy, ethics and digital security	Integrating digital citizenship in the formation of students’ character during the digital era
Religious moderation	Azra (2019a, b): Outlined the importance of tolerance and inclusivity in religious moderation	Expanding religious moderation with a practical approach in education, particularly for students
Character building	Dewey (1938): Education as a way to shape a complete human being	Connecting character education with digital challenges through digital citizenship
The phenomenon of digitalization of education	Mohamad et al. (2022): Malaysian students’ digital literacy is high, but less connected to religious values	Analyzing how digital education is combined with religious moderation values in Indonesia
Radicalism among students	Wahid Foundation (2021a, b): Digital radicalization is increasing among Indonesian students	Offered a solution by integrating religious moderation and digital literacy to prevent radicalism

Scientific aspect	Previous research	Position of this research
Digital citizenship	Ribble (2015): Stated important elements associated with digital citizenship, such as literacy, ethics and digital security	Integrating digital citizenship in the formation of students’ character during the digital era
Religious moderation	Azra (2019a, b): Outlined the importance of tolerance and inclusivity in religious moderation	Expanding religious moderation with a practical approach in education, particularly for students
Character building	Dewey (1938): Education as a way to shape a complete human being	Connecting character education with digital challenges through digital citizenship
The phenomenon of digitalization of education	Mohamad et al. (2022): Malaysian students’ digital literacy is high, but less connected to religious values	Analyzing how digital education is combined with religious moderation values in Indonesia
Radicalism among students	Wahid Foundation (2021a, b): Digital radicalization is increasing among Indonesian students	Offered a solution by integrating religious moderation and digital literacy to prevent radicalism

Source(s): Table processed by the authors’ in 2025