Table 2

Correlation matrix

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
Informal employment (1)1.000        
Indirect value added (2)−0.146*1.000       
(0.000)        
Foreign value added (3)−0.215*0.971*1.000    
(0.000)(0.000)       
Domestic value added (4)−0.137*0.996*0.958*1.000     
(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)      
Global value chain participation index (5)−0.168*0.997*0.986*0.99*1.000    
(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)     
GDP (6)−0.131*0.0090.01050.0080.0101.000   
(0.001)(0.777)(0.758)(0.797)(0.770)    
Unemployment (7)−0.236*0.317*0.330*0.323*0.323*0.0291.000  
(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.395)   
Inflation (8)0.102*−0.013−0.013−0.015−0.013−0.087*−0.0131.000 
(0.002)(0.688)(0.693)(0.655)(0.688)(0.009)(0.697)  
Life expectancy at birth (9)−0.417*0.090*0.120*0.094*0.100*0.149*0.197*−0.0601
(0.000)(0.007)(0.004)(0.005)(0.003)(0.000)(0.000)(0.075) 

Note(s): *p < 0.05

Source(s): Authors. Data from the Shadow Economy and the UNCTAD-Eora GVCs Database
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