Summary of the variables
| Variables used | Definition | Number of items | Sources extracted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Awareness (AW) | It refers to empowering women to make their own decisions, build self-confidence, and influence societal changes | 6 | Ssennono et al. (2023), Panda et al. (2021) |
| Government policy (GP) | It captures the government’s role in addressing issues that affect women and ensuring that women’s concerns are integrated into the development and implementation of all policies | 5 | Sukmana (2020), Effendy and Setyawan (2023), Alsaad et al. (2023) |
| Market forces (MF) | It represents how market innovations empower women in interconnected ways; particularly through time-saving and health-related improvements that disproportionately benefit them | 4 | Al-Nasrallah (2023), Duan et al. (2023), Song (2023) |
| Entrepreneurship (EP) | It highlights the importance of women’s entrepreneurship, as a pathway to economic empowerment and gender equality, aligned with SDG 5 | 5 | Bagheri et al. (2023), Adenutsi (2023), Blanco-Gonzalez-Tejero and Cano-Marin (2023) |
| Poverty alleviation (PA) | It addresses efforts to reduce household deprivation in terms of living standards, health, and education as key components of women’s empowerment | 5 | Ge et al. (2023), Adenutsi (2023), Moreno (2023) |
| Waqf microfinance (WQ) | It reflects how Waqf-based microfinance provides community-benefiting services that enhance women’s self-esteem and access to resources and opportunities | 5 | Amin et al. (2024), Islam (2021) |
| Sustainable scheme for women empowerment (SSWE) | It focuses on the long-term empowerment of women as a foundation for sustainable economic development and global progress | 5 | Pal and Gupta (2023), Mayoux (2020), Hermawati et al. (2023) |
| Variables used | Definition | Number of items | Sources extracted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Awareness (AW) | It refers to empowering women to make their own decisions, build self-confidence, and influence societal changes | 6 | |
| Government policy (GP) | It captures the government’s role in addressing issues that affect women and ensuring that women’s concerns are integrated into the development and implementation of all policies | 5 | |
| Market forces (MF) | It represents how market innovations empower women in interconnected ways; particularly through time-saving and health-related improvements that disproportionately benefit them | 4 | |
| Entrepreneurship (EP) | It highlights the importance of women’s entrepreneurship, as a pathway to economic empowerment and gender equality, aligned with SDG 5 | 5 | |
| Poverty alleviation (PA) | It addresses efforts to reduce household deprivation in terms of living standards, health, and education as key components of women’s empowerment | 5 | |
| Waqf microfinance (WQ) | It reflects how Waqf-based microfinance provides community-benefiting services that enhance women’s self-esteem and access to resources and opportunities | 5 | |
| Sustainable scheme for women empowerment (SSWE) | It focuses on the long-term empowerment of women as a foundation for sustainable economic development and global progress | 5 |
Source(s): Designed by authors
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