Table 1 Means, standard deviations and...

Table 1

Means, standard deviations and ANOVA, repeated measures design, for leadership scales

	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3							Paired t-tests
Leadership scales	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	Pillai’s trace	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	p	1–2	1–3	2–3
Exemplary model^a	5.17	0.73	5.08	0.73	4.98	0.84	0.985	6068.06	3	279	0.000	A	B	C
Ind. consideration^a	4.75	0.92	4.70	0.92	4.71	0.97	0.977	4014.31	3	280	0.000
Insp. and motiv.^a	4.61	1.07	4.56	1.03	4.60	1.09	0.968	2770.87	3	278	0.000
Envir. monit.^b	4.13	0.77	4.00	0.87	4.03	0.82	0.976	3802.91	3	277	0.000	A	B
Strategy^b	4.06	0.74	3.97	0.80	3.86	0.90	0.977	3935.28	3	277	0.000	A
Path-goal fac.^b	3.86	0.87	3.75	0.92	3.89	0.88	0.966	2649.91	3	277	0.000	A
Outcome monit.^b	4.06	0.89	3.95	0.92	3.96	0.91	0.971	3094.91	3	275	0.000	A	B

	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3							Paired t-tests
Leadership scales	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	Pillai’s trace	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	p	1–2	1–3	2–3
Exemplary model^a	5.17	0.73	5.08	0.73	4.98	0.84	0.985	6068.06	3	279	0.000	A	B	C
Ind. consideration^a	4.75	0.92	4.70	0.92	4.71	0.97	0.977	4014.31	3	280	0.000
Insp. and motiv.^a	4.61	1.07	4.56	1.03	4.60	1.09	0.968	2770.87	3	278	0.000
Envir. monit.^b	4.13	0.77	4.00	0.87	4.03	0.82	0.976	3802.91	3	277	0.000	A	B
Strategy^b	4.06	0.74	3.97	0.80	3.86	0.90	0.977	3935.28	3	277	0.000	A
Path-goal fac.^b	3.86	0.87	3.75	0.92	3.89	0.88	0.966	2649.91	3	277	0.000	A
Outcome monit.^b	4.06	0.89	3.95	0.92	3.96	0.91	0.971	3094.91	3	275	0.000	A	B

Note(s): n = 286 (participants with responses on all three measurements). A = Significant difference between Time 1 and Time 2, B = Significant difference between Time 1 and Time 3, C = Significant difference between Time 2 and Time 3. ^aScores could range from 1 (never/almost never) to 6 (very often/always). ^bScores could range from 1 (never/almost never) to 5 (very often/always)

Source(s): Authors’ own creation/work

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