Table A2

Administrative questionnaire and reliability

ConstructCronbacht’s alphaDimensionItemsReferenceCronbacht’s alpha
Technology0.780Compatibility
3 items
  1. Applications and devices based on AI are compatible with the daily work of the pharmacist

  2. The use of applications and devices based on AI is fully compatible with the typical business aspects of pharmacy

  3. The use of AI fits well with the way the activities of a pharmacy are designed, managed and built

Katebi et al. (2022) 0.915
  Firm relative advantage
5 items
  1. The use of AI helps to improve efficiency in the different processes in my pharmacy

  2. Using artificial intelligence systems in my pharmacy can make it achieve its goals faster

  3. Using AI in my pharmacy can enable it to reduce certain items of expenditure

  4. The use of artificial intelligence applications can expand the profitability of my pharmacy

  5. I consider the expected costs of integrating artificial intelligence applications with the existing management system in my pharmacy to be high

  6. I consider the costs of adapting my pharmacy’s processes to artificial intelligence systems to be high

  7. In general, I consider equipment, software or networks for AI applications to be expensive for my pharmacy

  8. Cost AI applications can improve the customer service of my pharmacy

  9. AI applications can increase the profitability of my pharmacy

Pizam et al. (2022) 0.890
  Complexity
3 items
  1. Learning how to handle artificial intelligence applications is difficult

  2. Artificial intelligence applications seem too complex for me to implement in my pharmacy

  3. Integrating artificial intelligence systems with current working practices in my pharmacy is very difficult

Pizam et al. (2022) 0.730
Organization0.682Top Manager support – Top Manag Supp
3 items
  1. My Top Manager is inclined to invest in adopting artificial intelligence applications

  2. My Top Manager may be interested in adopting artificial intelligence applications in order to gain a competitive advantage

  3. My Top Manager is likely to take risks in adopting artificial intelligence applications

Pizam et al. (2022) 0.702
  Organizational Readiness – OrgReadiness
5 items
  1. In general, my pharmacy readily accepts technological innovations

  2. My pharmacy actively seeks innovative ideas

  3. My pharmacy has work processes that allow collaboration between departments and the adoption of new technologies in a shared manner

  4. Innovation is readily accepted in my pharmacy

  5. My pharmacy has flexible work processes that allow it to adapt quickly to the introduction of new advanced technologies

Zhu et al. (2003) 0.949
  Firms IT Resources – Firm’s Rs
3 items
  1. Good technological infrastructures are required for the adoption of AI

  2. My pharmacy’s human resources must be trained to adopt AI-based applications and devices

  3. To ensure better utilization of AI resources, a good Internet connection is indispensable

Gökalp et al. (2020) 0.655
Environment0.788Business partner – BuzPart
3 items
  1. AI systems can improve coordination between business partners

  2. The adoption of AI in my pharmacy will increase business partners’ trust in us

  3. Our business partners (such as suppliers, distributors and customers) support the decision to adopt artificial intelligence

Chittipaka et al. (2023) 0.840
  Competitive Pressure – CP
3 items
  1. I believe that we will lose our customers to our competitors if we do not adopt AI

  2. I believe it is a strategic necessity to introduce AI applications in my pharmacy in order to compete in the current market environment

  3. My pharmacy will suffer a competitive disadvantage if AI are not adopted

Pizam et al. (2022) 0.841
Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation – IEO Risk taking Innovativeness Proactivity Perseverance
Passion
11 items
  1. I generally act in advance of future problems and changes and initiate actions to which others respond

  2. I like to venture into new activities and push into the unknown that on the basis of a calculated risk allow me to achieve my goals

  3. I am reasonably inclined to invest a lot of time or money in actions that allow me to have a high return despite the risks

  4. If I am confronted with decisions with high uncertainty, I make courageous choices

  5. In general, I prefer to prioritize unique, unrepeatable projects rather than revisiting projects that have been used and tested in the past

  6. I am in favor of trying new approaches to problem solving rather than using methods already used or used by others

  7. I prefer to get up and start projects rather than sit and wait for someone else to do it

  8. I am passionate about finding good business opportunities, developing new products or services, exploring business applications or creating new solutions to existing problems and needs

  9. I have a passion for conceiving, growing and expanding my business

  10. In dealing with competitors, I lead by initiating actions to which our competitors must respond

  11. In dealing with competitors I am very competitive and aim to outperform competitors

Santos et al. (2020) 0.932
Risk 3 items
  1. In my industry there is a lot of uncertainty about the benefits of adopting AI

  2. The level of risk in using AI in my pharmacy is higher when compared to traditional management methods

  3. There is too much at stake in the pharmaceutical sector to use AI

Katebi et al. (2022)  
Behavioral Intention 4 items
  1. I do not like the idea of using AI in my workplace (reverse)

  2. If available in the future, I plan to use AI in my pharmacy

  3. I am willing to use AI systems in my pharmacy

  4. In the future, I plan to use AI in my pharmacy

Katebi et al. (2022), Pizam et al. (2022) 0.927

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