Table A2 Overview of empirical studies...

Table A2

Overview of empirical studies

Author/Year	Research approach	Purpose	Theory/Perspective/Model	Nationality	Sample and size (n = )
Bárcia De Mattos et al. (2021)	Qualitative: Interviews	Effects of automation on employment and reshoring to determine implications for supply chain management and production	Supply chain management perspective	US, Europe & Asia	Workers from 5 factories (n = 8)
Birkel et al. (2019)	Qualitative: Interviews	Development of a risk framework for Industry 4.0 in the context of sustainability	Risk assessment theory	Germany	Managers in manufacturing sector (n = 14)
Brougham and Haar (2018)	Mixed methods: Survey and open-ended question	Determined worker’s awareness of Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA) and effects on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover intention, cynicism and depression	Organizational commitment theory	New Zealand	General working population (n = 120)
Chao et al. (2017)	Experimental study (lab controlled)	Explored the effects of three-dimensional virtual reality and traditional training methods on mental workload and training performance in complex maintenance tasks	Cognitive theories	China	Students (n = 48)
Cunha et al. (2022)	Qualitative: Inductive approach	Effects of automation on body techniques	Physical Ergonomics	Portugal	Workers in Cork manufacturing (n = 12)
Egana-delSol et al. (2022)	Quantitative comparative analysis	Assessed the risk of automation for female and male workers in four Latin American countries – Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and El Salvador	Task based approach	Latin America	Workers from 4 Latin American countries (n = 6,602)
Fornino and Manera (2022)	Quantitative modeling	Automation and the future of work: Assessing the role of labor flexibility	Task based approach	US	Various manufacturing industries (not available)
Gangwar and Date (2016)	Quantitative: Survey	Critical factors of cloud computing adoption in organizations: An empirical study	Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)	India	Workers in various manufacturing companies (n = 280)
Gerdenitsch et al. (2022)	Mixed methods:Experimental (lab controlled) and semi-structured interviews	Workers' experiences of sense of autonomy with AR-based assistance systems	Job Characteristics model	Austria	General population and students (n = 117)
Ghadimi et al. (2022)	Quantitative: Survey	An analysis and prioritization of risks in Irish industry with implementation of industry 4.0 in manufacturing	Not identified	Ireland	Professionals in manufacturing industry (n = 12)
Gong et al. (2019)	Experimental task and questionnaire	Determined effects of virtual reality support to factory layout planning	Not identified	Sweden	Workers (n = 49)
Hopko and Mehta (2022)	Experimental study (Lab controlled)	Determined trust in shared-space collaborative robots from a neuroscience perspective	Neuroergonomics	US	Engineering students (n = 16)
Hopko et al. (2023)	Experimental (lab controlled): Physiological/Neurological (HRV & ECG)	Physiological and perceptual consequences of trust in collaborative robots	Neuroergonomics	US	Engineering students (n = 16)
Keller et al. (2020)	Experimental study (lab controlled)	Determined the effect of digital assistance on process complexity and employee competence in industrial assembly	Not identified	Germany	Students in Technical fields (n = 30)
Kumar et al. (2022)	Quantitative: Survey	Developed a framework for assessing social acceptability of industry 4.0 technologies for the development of digital manufacturing	Theory of socio-technical transition (TSTT) and social cognition theory (SCT)	India	Experts in manufacturing sector (n = 125)
Lasota and Shah (2015)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	The effects of human-aware motion planning on team fluency, human satisfaction, and perceived safety and comfort	Not identified	US	Students/Post graduates in Technical fields (n = 20)
Lordan and Stringer (2022)	Quantitative: Survey	Job automation risk on mental health and life satisfaction	Mental health model	Australia	General working population (n = 41,923)
Lowe et al. (2022)	Case studies	Looked at influence of industrial robots and automation on type of injuries, productivity and worker acceptance	Occupational Health & Safety	US	Workers (n = 63)
Marinescu et al. (2023)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	People’s perceptions of digital technologies in manufacturing as positive or negative (utopian vs dystopian)	Human factors and Ergonomics	UK	Adults of general population (varying degrees of knowledge of manufacturing field) (n = 134)
Marques et al. (2022)	Qualitative: Participatory and focus group	Problem-solving abilities and level of technological literacy in collaboration with Augmented reality	Not identified	Portugal	Experienced specialists in manufacturing field + professor + PhD student (n = 9)
Matsas and Vosniakos (2017)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	The effects of a virtual reality training system for human–robot collaboration in manufacturing tasks	Not identified	Greece	Mechanical engineering student (n = 30)
Meissner et al. (2020)	Qualitative: Semi-structured interviews	Looked at assembly workers' level of acceptance of human–robot collaboration	Theory of reasoned action (TRA) and Theory of planned behavior (TPB)	Germany	Workers from 4 manufacturing companies (n = 17)
Nakanishi and Sato (2015)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	Looked at behavioral, physiological, and psychological effects on workers in application of digital manuals with a retinal imaging display in manufacturing	Information-processing theory	Japan	University students (n = 29)
Palumbo et al. (2022)	Quantitative: Questionnaires	Psychosocial risks at work with regards to various digital technologies	Organizational Health & Safety, Organizational excellence theory	European countries	Workers/Personnel from service and manufacturing sectors (n = 5,673)
Panchetti et al. (2023)	Experimental and Questionnaires	The relationship between cognitive workload, workstation design, user acceptance and trust in collaborative robots	Technology acceptance model (TAM), Cognitive ergonomics	Italy	Academic personnel part of Smart Lab (n = 14)
Papetti et al. (2020)	Experimental, postural and physiological measures	Looked at workers' well-being in human-centered connected factories	Human factors/Ergonomics	Italy	Operators in manufacturing sectors (n = 2)
Papetti et al. (2021)	Case study	Ergonomic manufacturing equipment through a human-centered methodology	Human factors/Ergonomics The Human, Technology, Organisation (HTO) model	Italy	Operators in manufacturing sectors (not available)
Thylén et al. (2023)	Case studies	Challenges in introducing automated guided vehicles in a production facility	It builds on socio-technical systems theory and includes three separate subsystems: human, technical, and organizational and it facilitates understanding of the interactions between them	Sweden	Operators, team leaders and engineers (n = 17)
Wixted et al. (2018)	Quantitative: Questionnaires	Distress and worry as mediators in the relationship between psychosocial risks and upper body musculoskeletal complaints in highly automated manufacturing	Physical Ergonomics, Job demand control theory	Ireland	Workers in manufacturing sectors (n = 235)

Author/Year	Research approach	Purpose	Theory/Perspective/Model	Nationality	Sample and size (n = )
Bárcia De Mattos et al. (2021)	Qualitative: Interviews	Effects of automation on employment and reshoring to determine implications for supply chain management and production	Supply chain management perspective	US, Europe & Asia	Workers from 5 factories (n = 8)
Birkel et al. (2019)	Qualitative: Interviews	Development of a risk framework for Industry 4.0 in the context of sustainability	Risk assessment theory	Germany	Managers in manufacturing sector (n = 14)
Brougham and Haar (2018)	Mixed methods: Survey and open-ended question	Determined worker’s awareness of Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA) and effects on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover intention, cynicism and depression	Organizational commitment theory	New Zealand	General working population (n = 120)
Chao et al. (2017)	Experimental study (lab controlled)	Explored the effects of three-dimensional virtual reality and traditional training methods on mental workload and training performance in complex maintenance tasks	Cognitive theories	China	Students (n = 48)
Cunha et al. (2022)	Qualitative: Inductive approach	Effects of automation on body techniques	Physical Ergonomics	Portugal	Workers in Cork manufacturing (n = 12)
Egana-delSol et al. (2022)	Quantitative comparative analysis	Assessed the risk of automation for female and male workers in four Latin American countries – Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and El Salvador	Task based approach	Latin America	Workers from 4 Latin American countries (n = 6,602)
Fornino and Manera (2022)	Quantitative modeling	Automation and the future of work: Assessing the role of labor flexibility	Task based approach	US	Various manufacturing industries (not available)
Gangwar and Date (2016)	Quantitative: Survey	Critical factors of cloud computing adoption in organizations: An empirical study	Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)	India	Workers in various manufacturing companies (n = 280)
Gerdenitsch et al. (2022)	Mixed methods:Experimental (lab controlled) and semi-structured interviews	Workers' experiences of sense of autonomy with AR-based assistance systems	Job Characteristics model	Austria	General population and students (n = 117)
Ghadimi et al. (2022)	Quantitative: Survey	An analysis and prioritization of risks in Irish industry with implementation of industry 4.0 in manufacturing	Not identified	Ireland	Professionals in manufacturing industry (n = 12)
Gong et al. (2019)	Experimental task and questionnaire	Determined effects of virtual reality support to factory layout planning	Not identified	Sweden	Workers (n = 49)
Hopko and Mehta (2022)	Experimental study (Lab controlled)	Determined trust in shared-space collaborative robots from a neuroscience perspective	Neuroergonomics	US	Engineering students (n = 16)
Hopko et al. (2023)	Experimental (lab controlled): Physiological/Neurological (HRV & ECG)	Physiological and perceptual consequences of trust in collaborative robots	Neuroergonomics	US	Engineering students (n = 16)
Keller et al. (2020)	Experimental study (lab controlled)	Determined the effect of digital assistance on process complexity and employee competence in industrial assembly	Not identified	Germany	Students in Technical fields (n = 30)
Kumar et al. (2022)	Quantitative: Survey	Developed a framework for assessing social acceptability of industry 4.0 technologies for the development of digital manufacturing	Theory of socio-technical transition (TSTT) and social cognition theory (SCT)	India	Experts in manufacturing sector (n = 125)
Lasota and Shah (2015)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	The effects of human-aware motion planning on team fluency, human satisfaction, and perceived safety and comfort	Not identified	US	Students/Post graduates in Technical fields (n = 20)
Lordan and Stringer (2022)	Quantitative: Survey	Job automation risk on mental health and life satisfaction	Mental health model	Australia	General working population (n = 41,923)
Lowe et al. (2022)	Case studies	Looked at influence of industrial robots and automation on type of injuries, productivity and worker acceptance	Occupational Health & Safety	US	Workers (n = 63)
Marinescu et al. (2023)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	People’s perceptions of digital technologies in manufacturing as positive or negative (utopian vs dystopian)	Human factors and Ergonomics	UK	Adults of general population (varying degrees of knowledge of manufacturing field) (n = 134)
Marques et al. (2022)	Qualitative: Participatory and focus group	Problem-solving abilities and level of technological literacy in collaboration with Augmented reality	Not identified	Portugal	Experienced specialists in manufacturing field + professor + PhD student (n = 9)
Matsas and Vosniakos (2017)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	The effects of a virtual reality training system for human–robot collaboration in manufacturing tasks	Not identified	Greece	Mechanical engineering student (n = 30)
Meissner et al. (2020)	Qualitative: Semi-structured interviews	Looked at assembly workers' level of acceptance of human–robot collaboration	Theory of reasoned action (TRA) and Theory of planned behavior (TPB)	Germany	Workers from 4 manufacturing companies (n = 17)
Nakanishi and Sato (2015)	Experimental study (lab controlled) and questionnaires	Looked at behavioral, physiological, and psychological effects on workers in application of digital manuals with a retinal imaging display in manufacturing	Information-processing theory	Japan	University students (n = 29)
Palumbo et al. (2022)	Quantitative: Questionnaires	Psychosocial risks at work with regards to various digital technologies	Organizational Health & Safety, Organizational excellence theory	European countries	Workers/Personnel from service and manufacturing sectors (n = 5,673)
Panchetti et al. (2023)	Experimental and Questionnaires	The relationship between cognitive workload, workstation design, user acceptance and trust in collaborative robots	Technology acceptance model (TAM), Cognitive ergonomics	Italy	Academic personnel part of Smart Lab (n = 14)
Papetti et al. (2020)	Experimental, postural and physiological measures	Looked at workers' well-being in human-centered connected factories	Human factors/Ergonomics	Italy	Operators in manufacturing sectors (n = 2)
Papetti et al. (2021)	Case study	Ergonomic manufacturing equipment through a human-centered methodology	Human factors/Ergonomics The Human, Technology, Organisation (HTO) model	Italy	Operators in manufacturing sectors (not available)
Thylén et al. (2023)	Case studies	Challenges in introducing automated guided vehicles in a production facility	It builds on socio-technical systems theory and includes three separate subsystems: human, technical, and organizational and it facilitates understanding of the interactions between them	Sweden	Operators, team leaders and engineers (n = 17)
Wixted et al. (2018)	Quantitative: Questionnaires	Distress and worry as mediators in the relationship between psychosocial risks and upper body musculoskeletal complaints in highly automated manufacturing	Physical Ergonomics, Job demand control theory	Ireland	Workers in manufacturing sectors (n = 235)

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