Table 3

Clustered key findings using the Malmi and Brown (2008) MCS framework

Cultural controls
RQA (MCS – SR)RQB (SR – MCS)
  • SR is a reflection of corporate culture, including basic values, beliefs, norms and principles

  • Corporate culture influences the type of SR and the topics included

  • Changes in corporate culture lead to changes in SR

  • SR positively influences beliefs, values and norms of the organization

  • SR increases the awareness for sustainability issues among employees and top management

  • SR changes the attitude and behavior towards sustainability-related topics among employees

  • SR leads to increased pride for sustainability engagement of the company and consequently to more commitment to and identification with the company

  • Voices not suggesting influence: Corporate culture should not be able to be changed by SR; awareness-raising via SR cannot work

PlanningCybernetic controlsReward and compensation
RQA (MCS – SR)RQB (SR – MCS)RQA (MCS – SR)RQB (SR – MCS)RQA (MCS – SR)RQB (SR – MCS)
  • Strategic direction influences SR

  • New goals lead to changes in the content of reporting

  • Voices not suggesting influence: SR is only a summary of corporate or sustainability goals

  • SR has an impact on goal setting

  • SR is used as a communication and control instrument for goal implementation

  • Voices not suggesting influence: Strategic decisions are influenced by sustainability management as a whole, but not by SR itself

  • Existing accounting data is used for SR

  • Used KPIs influence the content of SR

  • SR leads to the collection of additional data and evaluations

  • Because of SR, specific indices, rankings and indicators are becoming more relevant

  • SR leads to the use of new information systems

  • Only few companies have linked reward systems to SR

  • Voices not suggesting influence: It is explicitly stated several times that no effects of the incentive and reward systems on SR are identified

  • Target agreements are defined in the course of SR

Administrative controls
RQA (MCS – SR)RQB (SR – MCS)
  • Departments, responsible employees or teams influence the content of SR

  • Engaging internal and external stakeholders affects SR

  • Internal communication has an impact on SR

  • Management or decision-makers of a company influence SR

  • The commitment of the board of directors has a major influence on SR

  • SR contributes to changes or optimizations in the company, including organizational systems, processes, structures and responsibilities

  • SR leads to establishing sustainability departments or sustainability committees

  • SR has an effect on the contents of company meetings

  • SR is used as an internal communication tool

  • Voices not suggesting influence: SR cannot serve as an internal communication tool, because the primary target group are external stakeholders

Source(s): Table created by author

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