Clustered key findings using the Malmi and Brown (2008) MCS framework
| Cultural controls | |
|---|---|
| RQA (MCS – SR) | RQB (SR – MCS) |
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| Cultural controls | |
|---|---|
SR is a reflection of corporate culture, including basic values, beliefs, norms and principles Corporate culture influences the type of SR and the topics included Changes in corporate culture lead to changes in SR | SR positively influences beliefs, values and norms of the organization SR increases the awareness for sustainability issues among employees and top management SR changes the attitude and behavior towards sustainability-related topics among employees SR leads to increased pride for sustainability engagement of the company and consequently to more commitment to and identification with the company |
| Planning | Cybernetic controls | Reward and compensation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RQA (MCS – SR) | RQB (SR – MCS) | RQA (MCS – SR) | RQB (SR – MCS) | RQA (MCS – SR) | RQB (SR – MCS) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Planning | Cybernetic controls | Reward and compensation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strategic direction influences SR New goals lead to changes in the content of reporting | SR has an impact on goal setting SR is used as a communication and control instrument for goal implementation | Existing accounting data is used for SR Used KPIs influence the content of SR | SR leads to the collection of additional data and evaluations Because of SR, specific indices, rankings and indicators are becoming more relevant SR leads to the use of new information systems | Only few companies have linked reward systems to SR | Target agreements are defined in the course of SR |
| Administrative controls | |
|---|---|
| RQA (MCS – SR) | RQB (SR – MCS) |
|
|
| Administrative controls | |
|---|---|
Departments, responsible employees or teams influence the content of SR Engaging internal and external stakeholders affects SR Internal communication has an impact on SR Management or decision-makers of a company influence SR The commitment of the board of directors has a major influence on SR | SR contributes to changes or optimizations in the company, including organizational systems, processes, structures and responsibilities SR leads to establishing sustainability departments or sustainability committees SR has an effect on the contents of company meetings SR is used as an internal communication tool |
Source(s): Table created by author
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