Table 6

Bootstrapping factors

StudiesWinborg and Landström (2001) Carter and Van Auken, (2005) Brush et al. (2006) Ebben and Johnson (2006) Jones and Jayawarna (2010) Grichnik et al. (2014) This study
Factor Owner-related* Accounts receivable + Delaying payments** Minimisers Subsidies Joint utilisationˆUsed Winborg and Landström (2001) Own motives Minimise operational costs Develop products Close capital Ties Minimise labourOwner-related* and delaying payments** Joint utilisation ˆ Customer-related+Owner-related* Joint utilisation ˆ Payments-related **Customer-related + Joint utilisation ˆ Temporary resource utilisation Internal self -financingOwner-related* and delaying payments** Customer-related+
Year data collected1994–1996 2001 2000Not stated 2004 and 2006 Not stated2014 relating to 2013
CountrySweden USAUSAUSAUKGermany and AustriaIreland
SectorVariousProducts and ServicesITRetail and ServicesVarious sectorsVarious sectorsMixed sectors
Business age Mature 20.2 yearsMean age 2 yearsMean age 13.99 yearsMean ageNewNewMean age 13.41 years

Note(s): *Owner-related bootstrapping methods

+Customer-related bootstrapping methods

**Delaying payments bootstrapping methods

ˆ Joint utilisation bootstrapping methods

Source(s): Table created by author

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