Table 1 Measurement model statistics...

Table 1

Measurement model statistics

Construct and item	Indicator reliability	Multicollinearity	Convergent validity	Internal consistency reliability
Construct and item	Factor loading (≥0.708)	Variance inflation factor (<5)	Average variance extracted (≥0.50)	Cronbach alpha (≥0.80)	Composite reliability (≥0.70)
Instant messaging adoption (IM) is operationalized as how frequently team members ask questions, share information, socialize with members, answer queries, and contact others. The frequency of using instant messengers to do the following things in my daily work (1 = Not at all to 7 = Frequently). Source: Ou and Davison (2011)
IM1. Ask questions in instant messenger	0.811	1.979	0.661	0.872	0.907
IM2. Answer questions in instant messenger	0.790	1.836
IM3. Share work-related files in instant messenger	0.835	2.116
IM4. Work-related socialization in instant messenger	0.817	1.988
IM5. I often use instant messaging tools to contact other people for my work	0.813	1.961
Interruption (IR) is operationalized as a distraction and disturbance during ongoing tasks and concentration. Source: Ou and Davison (2011)
IR1. My work is constantly interrupted by instant messenger messages, which irritate me	0.924	3.057	0.849	0.911	0.944
IR2. I felt instant messages were quite disturbing	0.928	3.485
IR3. Using instant messaging inhibits my work concentration, eventually irritating me	0.912	2.848
Knowledge creation (KC) is operationalized as the interaction, sharing, and collaboration with team members through instant messaging. Knowledge includes know-how, technical skills, or problem-solving methods. Source: Cao et al. (2021) and Oluikpe (2015)
KC1. Knowledge can be acquired easily through group interaction in instant messenger	0.837	2.165	0.658	0.826	0.885
KC2. Knowledge is well codified in instant messenger	0.798	1.685
KC3. Results of projects and meetings can be documented in instant messenger	0.766	1.571
KC4. Knowledge can be acquired easily through effective collaboration and coordination with team members in instant messenger	0.841	2.123
Content quality (CQ) is operationalized as accurate, adequate, complete, effective, and resourceful content sharing with team members in the instant messenger. Source: Zhu et al. (2020).
CQ1. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is accurate	0.852	2.394	0.671	0.877	0.911
CQ2. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is adequate	0.830	2.151
CQ3. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is complete	0.771	1.694
CQ4. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is effective	0.823	2.160
CQ5. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is resourceful	0.817	2.013
Team performance (TP) is operationalized as team outcomes, quality of work, deliverables, and project outcomes. Source: Ou et al. (2014)
TP1. I am satisfied with the team outcomes provided by my teammates	0.785	2.172	0.634	0.889	0.912
TP2. I am pleased with the quality of work we did in my team	0.804	2.013
TP3. The work produced by my teammates is of a high quality	0.819	2.189
TP4. The deliverables of my team are always outstanding	0.812	2.379
TP5. I am always satisfied with the project outcomes produced by my team intimated in instant messenger	0.737	1.741
TP6. I am satisfied with my team's collaborative actions for achieving team goals	0.819	2.244

Construct and item	Indicator reliability	Multicollinearity	Convergent validity	Internal consistency reliability
Construct and item	Factor loading (≥0.708)	Variance inflation factor (<5)	Average variance extracted (≥0.50)	Cronbach alpha (≥0.80)	Composite reliability (≥0.70)
Instant messaging adoption (IM) is operationalized as how frequently team members ask questions, share information, socialize with members, answer queries, and contact others. The frequency of using instant messengers to do the following things in my daily work (1 = Not at all to 7 = Frequently). Source: Ou and Davison (2011)
IM1. Ask questions in instant messenger	0.811	1.979	0.661	0.872	0.907
IM2. Answer questions in instant messenger	0.790	1.836
IM3. Share work-related files in instant messenger	0.835	2.116
IM4. Work-related socialization in instant messenger	0.817	1.988
IM5. I often use instant messaging tools to contact other people for my work	0.813	1.961
Interruption (IR) is operationalized as a distraction and disturbance during ongoing tasks and concentration. Source: Ou and Davison (2011)
IR1. My work is constantly interrupted by instant messenger messages, which irritate me	0.924	3.057	0.849	0.911	0.944
IR2. I felt instant messages were quite disturbing	0.928	3.485
IR3. Using instant messaging inhibits my work concentration, eventually irritating me	0.912	2.848
Knowledge creation (KC) is operationalized as the interaction, sharing, and collaboration with team members through instant messaging. Knowledge includes know-how, technical skills, or problem-solving methods. Source: Cao et al. (2021) and Oluikpe (2015)
KC1. Knowledge can be acquired easily through group interaction in instant messenger	0.837	2.165	0.658	0.826	0.885
KC2. Knowledge is well codified in instant messenger	0.798	1.685
KC3. Results of projects and meetings can be documented in instant messenger	0.766	1.571
KC4. Knowledge can be acquired easily through effective collaboration and coordination with team members in instant messenger	0.841	2.123
Content quality (CQ) is operationalized as accurate, adequate, complete, effective, and resourceful content sharing with team members in the instant messenger. Source: Zhu et al. (2020).
CQ1. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is accurate	0.852	2.394	0.671	0.877	0.911
CQ2. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is adequate	0.830	2.151
CQ3. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is complete	0.771	1.694
CQ4. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is effective	0.823	2.160
CQ5. I feel that my content sharing with my teammates through instant messaging is resourceful	0.817	2.013
Team performance (TP) is operationalized as team outcomes, quality of work, deliverables, and project outcomes. Source: Ou et al. (2014)
TP1. I am satisfied with the team outcomes provided by my teammates	0.785	2.172	0.634	0.889	0.912
TP2. I am pleased with the quality of work we did in my team	0.804	2.013
TP3. The work produced by my teammates is of a high quality	0.819	2.189
TP4. The deliverables of my team are always outstanding	0.812	2.379
TP5. I am always satisfied with the project outcomes produced by my team intimated in instant messenger	0.737	1.741
TP6. I am satisfied with my team's collaborative actions for achieving team goals	0.819	2.244

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