Table 3

Coding of empirical studies

AuthorsaNeurodiversity form(s)Quant, Qual or MixedMethodsIndustryCountrySampleSample categorybFramework elements (see Figure 1)
Ahmann et al. (2021) ADHDQualFocus groupHealthcare (coaching)USAADHD coachesNTK
Ali et al. (2024a) NeurodiversityQuantSurveyRetailAustralia502 responses: 241 supervisors and 261 co-workersNTE, F, G, I
Ali et al. (2024b) NeurodiversityQuantSurveyRetailAustralia502 supervisors and employees of retail organizationsNTF, I, J
Allen et al. (2023) NeurodiversityMixedSurvey and semi-structured interviewsMilitary veteransUK232 surveys and 21 semi-structured interviews of people with a medically diagnosed condition (neurodiverse veteran)NDD, E, G
Artamoshina et al. (2023) ADHDQuantSurveyN/ARussia367 CEOs from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)BothE, J
Basto and Cepellos (2023) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsN/ABrazil6 executives from national and foreign companies that hire professionals with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD)NTF, G
Blondel et al. (2024) ADHDQualSemi-structured interviewsNot specifiedFrance, Germany, Australia, Belgium, Switzerland, USA and Canada26 working individuals with ADHDNDE, J
Branicki et al. (2024) NeurodiversityQuantSurveyAcross industriesUKOver 25,000 neurodivergent and neurotypical people is the UK large household-based survey titled Labour Force SurveyBothE, F, J
Brouwers et al. (2024) AutismQualFocus groupAcross industriesNetherlands64 autistic adults with and without paid (competitive) employmentNDJ
Camden et al. (2024) NeurodiversityQuantCognitive ability assessmentsN/AGlobalNearly 500.000 (Study 1: 139,737/Study 2: 308,361/Study 3: 42,375). Participants were recruited from a website hosted by a global talent assessment provider where job candidates can complete practice tests similar to the assessments that their prospective employers may administerBothC
Comer et al. (2023) AutismQuantExperimentN/AUSA314 participants through ProlificNDC
Crook and McDowall (2024) ADHDQualSemi-structured interviewsAcross industriesUSA, UK and others not specified17 professionals with ADHD (two academics, two sales professionals, two creative directors/business owners, two charity workers, two teachers, a social entrepreneur, an artist, a police inspector, a journalist, a project manager, a property developer and a healthcare professional)NDE, J
Doyle and Bradley (2023) NeurodiversityQuantIndependent ratings of work performance/coaching interventionService sector, office-based and private sector, civil service-based roles, technology, finance and healthUK409 coachees clients of a non-profit company who had provided complete pairs of performance self-evaluation ratings before and after coachingNDF
Doyle and McDowell (2015) DyslexiaQuantIndependent ratings of work performance/coaching interventionAcross industriesUK95 dyslexic coachees and 41 line-managersBothF
Drader-Mazza et al. (2024) AutismQualStructured interviews and qualitative surveyFinancial services industry and multinational third-party service provider specializing in autistic and other neurodivergent talent acquisition servicesUSA, Iraq, IranInterviews with 2 coaches, 1 business lead, 3 autistic job candidates and 7 hiring and 4 job coaches
46 qualitative surveys from autistic job candidates		BothA, C
Efeoglu and Kilincarslan (2024) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsInternational company's dairy production facilityTurkey23 people who were the co-workers, managers and parents of workers with AIDNTF, I
Erbil et al. (2024) NeurodiversityQualQualitative surveyEducation, legal, healthcare, hospitality, retail, stationery, software, HR, military, tourism, aviation, transport, consulting and auditingTurkey20 human resource professionalsNTG, K
Estival et al. (2024) AutismMixedSurveys and interviews and focus groupSeven disability employment servicesFranceStep 1 include 11 workers or job seekers with disabilities who were young adults or adults with ASD, with or without associated intellectual disability and 15 professionals from the disability employment services. Step 2: 12 workers or job seekers with disabilitiesBothF
Farkas et al. (2020) AutismMixedSurvey and focus groupEmployment services and various sectors (e.g. customer service, retail, catering and administration)N/A24 autistic jobseekers and 2 disability employment advisorsBothF
Goldberg and Willham (2024) AutismMixedFocus group and experimentNot specifiedUSAA focus group with 16 participants on the subreddit, r/Autistic Liberation
388 autistic job seekers		NDD
Hall et al. (2016) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsAutism care organizationUK7 participants working within the organization (5 staff undergoing training to deliver video interaction guidance; 2 senior managers influencing coordination of training)NTK
Iqbal et al. (2024) NeurodiversityQuantSurveyThe oil/gas, service, construction, manufacturing and telecommunication industriesGulf Cooperation Council region (i.e. Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman)215 neurodiverse employees of multinational companiesNDI, J
Jiles et al. (2024) NeurodiversityQualInterview and qualitative surveyAccounting professionUSA23 neurodivergent accountantsNDF, G, J
Katz et al. (2015) AutismQuantSurveyA center provides housing, employment and educational services for people with special needs.
Restaurants and shops, libraries, computer jobs, etc.		Israel26 participants with high functioning autism spectrum disorders (The sample also includes 26 team members who are health professionals who accompany and support the participants in the transition to their jobs. These team members were not mentioned clearly in the sample, but one of the measures have to be filled by both the autistic employee and his/her team memberBothA, J
Kersten et al. (2024) NeurodiversityQualInterviewSTEM sectors, the financial and professional services sectorsNetherlands30 participants: HRM professionals (n = 15), supervisors of neurodivergent employees (n = 4) and neurodivergent employees (n = 11)BothF, I
Lanivich et al. (2024) ADHDQuantSurveyAcross industriesUSA581 entrepreneursBothE, J
Lup and Canonico (2024) AutismMixedExperiment (surveys, vignettes and open-ended questions)General working population with no specific industry but uses accounting as the context for the vignette presented to participantsUK268 participants (quantitative); 260 participants (qualitative analysis). Participants are working individuals recruited via a university-affiliated panelNTB
Macdonald and Cosgrove (2019) DyslexiaQuantSurveyPoliceUK56 police employees previously diagnosed with dyslexiaNDG
McIntosh et al. (2023) ADHDQuantSurveyN/AN/A166 working adults who have ADHDNDG, J
Mellifont (2020) NeurodiversityQualSecondary dataN/AAustralia, Canada and England8 guides to help prevent or treat the bullying of neurodiverse employeesOther sourcesF
Orhan et al. (2024) ADHDQuantStructured interviewsHeavy and light industry, construction and service sectorsTurkey205 patients (Employees involved in workplace accidents presenting to the Emergency Department, aged 18 years and older, with full cognitive function)BothE, J
Özsoy and Balaban (2024) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)QuantSurveyMultiple industries from public and private sector organizationsTurkey771 white-collar employeesBothE, J
Priscott and Allen (2021) NeurodiversityQualExercises and semi-structured interviewsGovernment organizationUK97 participants
Study 1: 53 participants from middle and senior management
Study 2: 44 participants middle management		BothG
Rampton et al. (2023) AutismQuantSurveyFinancial organizations, information technology, logistics and medical-support endeavorsCanada80 autistic managers and employeesNDE, F, J
Remington and Pellicano (2019) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsBankingUK36 participants interns, their hiring managers and the colleagues who worked alongside themBothA, J
Richards (2012) Asperger syndromeQualSecondary dataNot specifiedUKData used in this paper comes from two sources – a national report on the broader needs of adults with Asperger syndrome by Edmonds and Beardon (2008) and the findings from a similar study by Hendrickx (2010) Other sourcesG
Richards and Sang (2016) ADHD, dyslexia, DCD (dyspraxia), dyscalculia and Asperger syndromeQualFocus groups and semi-structured interviewsTransportUKFocus group with 44 Technical Standards and Safety Authority (TSSA) members and semi-structured interviews with 22 neurologically impaired employees, 4 neurodiversity champions and 2 TSSA organizersBothA, F
Richards et al. (2019) Autism, ADHD, dyslexia, DCD (dyspraxia) and Asperger syndromeQualInterviewsTransportUK28 line-managers of neurodivergent employeesNTI
Richardson et al. (2019) AutismQualSurveys and interviewsDry cleaning, multiple sites (cleaning company), grocery store, bookstore, butcher shop and gift shopUSA21 participants. 7 individuals with ASD, their parents and their employer but not clearly identified how many parents and employersBothD
Sander-Williams (2024) ADHDQualSemi-structured interviewsN/AUK3 women aged 40 and above with late ADHD diagnosesNDK
Sang et al. (2016) ADHD, dyslexia, DCD (dyspraxia), dyscalculia and Asperger syndromeQualFocus groups and semi-structured interviewsTransport industryUKseven focus groups (n = 44) and interviews with neurologically impaired professional transport employees (n = 22)BothE
Seemab and Faisal (2024) ADHDQuantSurveyBanking, manufacturing, education and service sectorsPakistan259 employees from a few public and private institutesBothE, J
Smith-Spark et al. (2022) DyslexiaQuantExperimentNot providedUK8 adults with dyslexia and 27 adults without dyslexia who are university studentsBothE, J
Spoor et al. (2022) AutismQuantSurveyPublic sectorAustralia229 employees from two Australian public sector organizationsNTB, I
Stappers and Andries (2024) ADHDQuantSurveyAcross industriesBelgium543 founders and their start-upsBothE, J
Szulc et al. (2023) NeurodiversityQualSemi-structured interviewsConstruction, oil, education, healthcare and business consultingN/A11 semi-structured interviews with 9 neurodivergent managers and employees and 2 business professionals supportive of neurodiversityBothE
Tomczak (2021) AutismQualInterviewsEducation and support servicesPoland11 experts (10 women and one man) who professionally handle education and care for people with ASDNTF
Tomczak (2022) AutismQualInterviewsSchools, therapy and support companiesPoland, Spain, Australia and Canada21 individuals with expertise in the field. specialized support staff, CEO of a company supporting and providing vocational training and recruitment for individuals with autism, CEOs and managers of companies employing individuals with autism, job trainers/consultants and a parent of an adult job seeker with autismBoth (1 ND)F, J
van den Bosch et al. (2019) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsSelf-advocacy organizationNetherlands8 autistic people who were involved with autism self-advocacy organizations in the period 1999–2014NDG
van Rijswijk et al. (2024b) NeurodiversityQuantSurveyHealthcare, banking, pensions and insurance, IT, construction industry, employee recruitment and educationNetherlands357 group members (from which 43 reported being officially diagnosed with neurodivergence) nested in 70 organizational groups in 19 Dutch organizationsBothE, J
Waisman-Nitzan et al. (2019) AutismQualInterviewsEmployment servicesIsrael11 employers of individuals with ASD from the open labor marketNTD, G
Walkowiak (2021) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsAcross industriesUSA, Australia, Canada16 leaders or experts of neurodiversity initiativesNTH, K
Walkowiak (2024) NeurodiversityQualSemi-structured interviewsIT, banking, accounting, social enterprise, charity, disability service and academiaAustralia, USA and Canada16 participants who have leadership role in neurodiversity initiativesNTF
Watts (2024) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsN/AUK5 autistic womenNDF, G
Wen et al. (2023) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsAcross industriesAustralia14 Australian employers and 9 professional expertsNTG
Whelpley et al. (2021) AutismQualQualitative surveyAcross industriesUSA65 individuals being diagnosed as autistic and have an employment history and 26 managersBothD, G, I
Whelpley and Woznyj (2023) AutismQualQualitative surveyAcross industries–55 autistic employees
39 managers of autistic employees		BothI
Wiater and Bartak (2023) NeurodiversityQuantSurveyWater supply and sewagePoland51 managersNTD, E
Williams et al. (2024) AutismQualSemi-structured interviewsN/AN/A11 (7) autistic leaders and (4) allistic leaders who work with autistic individualsBothE, F, G
Yu et al. (2021) ADHDQuantSurveyStudy 1: across industries
Study 2: wine industry		USA and SpainStudy 1: 222 entrepreneurs
Study 2: 122 entrepreneurs in the Spanish wine industry		BothE, J

Note(s):

a

See the reference list for the publication details;

b

NT refers to neurotypical and ND refers to neurodivergent

Source(s): Author’s own work
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