Overview of backward erosion piping (BEP) tests
| Test series | Test label | Barrier depth: m | Depth ratio | Barrier material |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No barrier | R1 | — | — | — |
| R2 | — | — | — | |
| Sand–floc barrier | S1 | 15 | 1/2 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand |
| S2 | 15 | 1/2 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand | |
| S3 | 20 | 2/3 | 1% Al–OM flocs/99% sand | |
| S4 | 20 | 2/3 | 1% Al–OM flocs/99% sand | |
| S5 | 20 | 2/3 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand | |
| S6 | 20 | 2/3 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand | |
| Clayey barrier | C1 | 15 | 1/2 | 10% clay/90% sand |
| C2 | 15 | 1/2 | 10% clay/90% sand | |
| C3 | 20 | 2/3 | 5% clay/95% sand | |
| C4 | 20 | 2/3 | 5% clay/95% sand | |
| C5 | 20 | 2/3 | 10% clay/90% sand | |
| C6 | 20 | 2/3 | 10% clay/90% sand |
| Test series | Test label | Barrier depth: m | Depth ratio | Barrier material |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No barrier | R1 | — | — | — |
| R2 | — | — | — | |
| Sand–floc barrier | S1 | 15 | 1/2 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand |
| S2 | 15 | 1/2 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand | |
| S3 | 20 | 2/3 | 1% Al–OM flocs/99% sand | |
| S4 | 20 | 2/3 | 1% Al–OM flocs/99% sand | |
| S5 | 20 | 2/3 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand | |
| S6 | 20 | 2/3 | 1·5% Al–OM flocs/98·5% sand | |
| Clayey barrier | C1 | 15 | 1/2 | 10% clay/90% sand |
| C2 | 15 | 1/2 | 10% clay/90% sand | |
| C3 | 20 | 2/3 | 5% clay/95% sand | |
| C4 | 20 | 2/3 | 5% clay/95% sand | |
| C5 | 20 | 2/3 | 10% clay/90% sand | |
| C6 | 20 | 2/3 | 10% clay/90% sand |
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