Exploratory factor analysis of offshoring drivers 2010–2015 and 2020–2022
| Period | Construct | Items | Factor loadings |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–2015 | Development | Access to technology | 0.862 |
| Access to skills and knowledge | 0.859 | ||
| Proximity to R&D | 0.778 | ||
| Access to raw materials | 0.756 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.880 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 3.055 | ||
| % of variance explained | 33.948 | ||
| Time and flexibility vs. labor cost | Lead-time | 0.834 | |
| Risk | 0.751 | ||
| Flexibility | 0.730 | ||
| (Labor cost) | (−0.548) | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.769* | ||
| Eigenvalue | 2.099 | ||
| % of variance explained | 23.324 | ||
| Cost | Logistics cost | 0.898 | |
| Changes in currency exchange rate | 0.754 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.710 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 1.633 | ||
| % of variance explained | 18.149 | ||
| 2020–2022 | Trade and competences | Trade barriers | 0.921 |
| Country-specific conditions | 0.882 | ||
| Lack of qualified personnel | 0.873 | ||
| Proximity to R&D | 0.690 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.896 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 3.177 | ||
| % of variance explained | 26.479 | ||
| Time and flexibility vs. labor cost | Flexibility | 0.818 | |
| Lead-time | 0.756 | ||
| Risk | 0.683 | ||
| (Labor cost) | (−0.697) | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.773* | ||
| Eigenvalue | 2.299 | ||
| % of variance explained | 19.161 | ||
| Market proximity | Production close to or in market | 0.898 | |
| Logistics cost | 0.836 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.828 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 1.929 | ||
| % of variance explained | 16.073 | ||
| Development | Access to technology | 0.907 | |
| Access to skills and knowledge | 0.828 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.793 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 1.894 | ||
| % of variance explained | 15.785 |
| Period | Construct | Items | Factor loadings |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–2015 | Development | Access to technology | 0.862 |
| Access to skills and knowledge | 0.859 | ||
| Proximity to R&D | 0.778 | ||
| Access to raw materials | 0.756 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.880 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 3.055 | ||
| % of variance explained | 33.948 | ||
| Time and flexibility vs. labor cost | Lead-time | 0.834 | |
| Risk | 0.751 | ||
| Flexibility | 0.730 | ||
| (Labor cost) | (−0.548) | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.769* | ||
| Eigenvalue | 2.099 | ||
| % of variance explained | 23.324 | ||
| Cost | Logistics cost | 0.898 | |
| Changes in currency exchange rate | 0.754 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.710 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 1.633 | ||
| % of variance explained | 18.149 | ||
| 2020–2022 | Trade and competences | Trade barriers | 0.921 |
| Country-specific conditions | 0.882 | ||
| Lack of qualified personnel | 0.873 | ||
| Proximity to R&D | 0.690 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.896 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 3.177 | ||
| % of variance explained | 26.479 | ||
| Time and flexibility vs. labor cost | Flexibility | 0.818 | |
| Lead-time | 0.756 | ||
| Risk | 0.683 | ||
| (Labor cost) | (−0.697) | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.773* | ||
| Eigenvalue | 2.299 | ||
| % of variance explained | 19.161 | ||
| Market proximity | Production close to or in market | 0.898 | |
| Logistics cost | 0.836 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.828 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 1.929 | ||
| % of variance explained | 16.073 | ||
| Development | Access to technology | 0.907 | |
| Access to skills and knowledge | 0.828 | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.793 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 1.894 | ||
| % of variance explained | 15.785 |
Note(s): *A combination of positive and negative factor loadings will inevitably lead to low Cronbach’s alpha values. If labor cost is included in this construct, the Cronbach’s alpha is 0.549 for 2010–2015 and 0.198 for 2020–2022
Source(s): Authors’ own elaboration