Remittances, governance and rural access to electricity
| CORR | POL | RQ | VA | RL | GE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | |
| GDP | 1.674** (0.818) | 1.377* (0.813) | 1.332 (0.819) | 1.372 (0.826) | 1.529* (0.813) | 1.158 (0.799) | 0.877 (0.814) |
| FPI | 0.011 (0.024) | 0.015 (0.024) | 0.011 (0.024) | 0.012 (0.024) | 0.01 (0.024) | 0.013 (0.024) | 0.014 (0.024) |
| DCPS | 0.172* (0.088) | 0.181** (0.087) | 0.185** (0.087) | 0.177** (0.087) | 0.138 (0.085) | 0.185 (0.082) | 0.138* (0.084) |
| ICT | 0.088 (0.025) | 0.079*** (0.025) | 0.082*** (0.025) | 0.084*** (0.025) | 0.086*** (0.024) | 0.077 (0.024) | 0.086*** (0.024) |
| GDS | 0.248*** (0.094) | 0.243*** (0.092) | 0.249*** (0.094) | 0.244*** (0.093) | 0.245*** (0.091) | 0.235 (0.09) | 0.263*** (0.089) |
| RMIT | 0.218 (0.182) | 0.018 (0.192) | 0.415** (0.208) | −0.211 (0.275) | 0.178 (0.232) | 0.185 (0.177) | −0.14 (0.201) |
| CORR | 6.181 (2.989) | ||||||
| REMIT*CORR | −1.006 (0.359) | ||||||
| POL | 4.232** (1.927) | ||||||
| REMIT*POL | −0.56** (0.26) | ||||||
| RQ | 5.38* (3.082) | ||||||
| RMIT*RQ | −1.002** (0.493) | ||||||
| VA | 8.89*** (2.855) | ||||||
| REMIT*VA | −0.122 (0.389) | ||||||
| RL | 11.314 (2.713) | ||||||
| REMIT*RL | −1.266 (0.316) | ||||||
| GE | 12.551*** (2.997) | ||||||
| REMIT*GE | −1.273*** (0.359) | ||||||
| Net effect | NSA | NA | 0.67 (TCP) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Constant | −2.031*** (6.039) | 2.866 (6.253) | 0.919*** (6.056) | 2.649*** (6.499) | 4.769 (6.332) | 7.14 (6.164) | 10.659 (6.548) |
| sigma_u | 16.445*** (2.261) | 15.367 (2.301) | 15.645*** (2.224) | 15.294*** (2.223) | 14.652*** (2.002) | 13.851*** (1.971) | 13.739*** (1.964) |
| sigma_e | 14.273 (0.664) | 14.16 (0.668) | 14.185*** (0.663) | 14.277*** (0.669) | 14.205*** (0.657) | 13.976*** (0.65) | 14.053*** (0.653) |
| Mean dependent var | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 |
| Number of obs. | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 |
| Prob > χ2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| SD dependent var | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 |
| Chi-square | 44.442 | 54.622 | 52.645 | 50.214 | 59.775 | 73.190 | 71.145 |
| Akaike crit. (AIC) | 2394.557 | 2389.791 | 2391.931 | 2393.493 | 2387.963 | 2376.078 | 2378.197 |
| CORR | POL | RQ | VA | RL | GE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | RPAE | |
| GDP | 1.674** (0.818) | 1.377* (0.813) | 1.332 (0.819) | 1.372 (0.826) | 1.529* (0.813) | 1.158 (0.799) | 0.877 (0.814) |
| FPI | 0.011 (0.024) | 0.015 (0.024) | 0.011 (0.024) | 0.012 (0.024) | 0.01 (0.024) | 0.013 (0.024) | 0.014 (0.024) |
| DCPS | 0.172* (0.088) | 0.181** (0.087) | 0.185** (0.087) | 0.177** (0.087) | 0.138 (0.085) | 0.185 (0.082) | 0.138* (0.084) |
| ICT | 0.088 (0.025) | 0.079*** (0.025) | 0.082*** (0.025) | 0.084*** (0.025) | 0.086*** (0.024) | 0.077 (0.024) | 0.086*** (0.024) |
| GDS | 0.248*** (0.094) | 0.243*** (0.092) | 0.249*** (0.094) | 0.244*** (0.093) | 0.245*** (0.091) | 0.235 (0.09) | 0.263*** (0.089) |
| RMIT | 0.218 (0.182) | 0.018 (0.192) | 0.415** (0.208) | −0.211 (0.275) | 0.178 (0.232) | 0.185 (0.177) | −0.14 (0.201) |
| CORR | 6.181 (2.989) | ||||||
| REMIT*CORR | −1.006 (0.359) | ||||||
| POL | 4.232** (1.927) | ||||||
| REMIT*POL | −0.56** (0.26) | ||||||
| RQ | 5.38* (3.082) | ||||||
| RMIT*RQ | −1.002** (0.493) | ||||||
| VA | 8.89*** (2.855) | ||||||
| REMIT*VA | −0.122 (0.389) | ||||||
| RL | 11.314 (2.713) | ||||||
| REMIT*RL | −1.266 (0.316) | ||||||
| GE | 12.551*** (2.997) | ||||||
| REMIT*GE | −1.273*** (0.359) | ||||||
| Net effect | NSA | NA | 0.67 (TCP) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Constant | −2.031*** (6.039) | 2.866 (6.253) | 0.919*** (6.056) | 2.649*** (6.499) | 4.769 (6.332) | 7.14 (6.164) | 10.659 (6.548) |
| sigma_u | 16.445*** (2.261) | 15.367 (2.301) | 15.645*** (2.224) | 15.294*** (2.223) | 14.652*** (2.002) | 13.851*** (1.971) | 13.739*** (1.964) |
| sigma_e | 14.273 (0.664) | 14.16 (0.668) | 14.185*** (0.663) | 14.277*** (0.669) | 14.205*** (0.657) | 13.976*** (0.65) | 14.053*** (0.653) |
| Mean dependent var | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 | 19.193 |
| Number of obs. | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 | 280 |
| Prob > | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| SD dependent var | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 | 25.190 |
| Chi-square | 44.442 | 54.622 | 52.645 | 50.214 | 59.775 | 73.190 | 71.145 |
| Akaike crit. (AIC) | 2394.557 | 2389.791 | 2391.931 | 2393.493 | 2387.963 | 2376.078 | 2378.197 |
Note(s): ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p<. ***, ** and * significance levels at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively. sigma_u is the standard deviation of the unobserved individual-specific effects and sigma_e is the standard deviation of the idiosyncratic error term. Values in parathesis are standard errors. RPAE is rural population access to electricity, UPAE is urban population access to electricity, RMIT is remittances, GDP is gross domestic product, FPI is food production index, ICT is Information communication technology, GDS is gross domestic savings, DCPS is domestic credit to the private sector, CORR is the level of corruption, POL is political stability, RQ is regulatory quality, VA is Voice and accountability, RL is rule of law and GE is government effectiveness. NA is not applicable, NSA is not specifically applicable, NS is negative synergies, TCP is threshold for complementary policies
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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