Table 2 Direct effects of beliefs on...

Table 2

Direct effects of beliefs on attitude, subjective norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) and indirect effects on intention and actual behaviour, incl. credibility intervals

Variables	Case study area	Direct effect on attitude		Indirect effect on intention		Indirect effect on actual behaviour
Variables	Case study area	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval
Service	Lützelburg	0.792 (0.318)	0.349, 1.297 (0.160, 0.471)	0.023 (0.146)	0.011, 0.036 (0.070, 0.223)	0.011 (0.094)	0.005, 0.019 (0.043, 0.153)
Service	Müden	−0.199 (−0.107)	−0.633, 0.239 (−0.336, 0.113)	−0.006 (−0.036)	−0.018, 0.007 (−0.111, 0.040)	−0.004 (−0.027)	−0.013, 0.004 (−0.087, 0.030)
Meeting place	Lützelburg	0.198 (0.081)	−0.113, 0.531 (−0.053, 0.203)	0.006 (0.038)	−0.003, 0.014 (−0.023, 0.095)	0.003 (0.024)	−0.002, 0.008 (−0.015, 0.065)
Meeting place	Müden	0.198 (0.107)	−0.113, 0.531 (−0.067, 0.270)	0.006 (0.037)	−0.003, 0.014 (−0.023, 0.095)	0.004 (0.028)	−0.002, 0.010 (−0.017, 0.072)
One-stop shopping	Lützelburg	1.000 (0.468)	- (0.359, 0.596)	0.030 (0.214)	0.023, 0.040 (0.160, 0.284)	0.015 (0.139)	0.010, 0.022 (0.089, 0.201)
One-stop shopping	Müden	1.000 (0.633)	- (0.506, 0.774)	0.030 (0.221)	0.023, 0.040 (0.166, 0.293)	0.020 (0.167)	0.014, 0.028 (0.116, 0.230)
Proximity	Lützelburg	0.629 (0.269)	0.298, 1.015 (0.143, 0.400)	0.018 (0.123)	0.010, 0.027 (0.065, 0.182)	0.009 (0.079)	0.004, 0.014 (0.039, 0.125)
Proximity	Müden	0.629 (0.332)	0.298, 1.015 (0.178, 0.492)	0.018 (0.115)	0.010, 0.027 (0.061, 0.171)	0.012 (0.087)	0.006, 0.019 (0.044, 0.134)
Local products	Lützelburg	0.529 (0.216)	0.217, 0.877 (0.096, 0.338)	0.016 (0.099)	0.007, 0.024 (0.043, 0.157)	0.008 (0.064)	0.003, 0.013 (0.026, 0.108)
Local products	Müden	0.529 (0.293)	0.217, 0.877 (0.133, 0.453)	0.016 (0.102)	0.007, 0.024 (0.045, 0.160)	0.010 (0.077)	0.004, 0.016 (0.033, 0.124)

Variables	Case study area	Direct effect on attitude		Indirect effect on intention		Indirect effect on actual behaviour
Variables	Case study area	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval
Service	Lützelburg	0.792 (0.318)	0.349, 1.297(0.160, 0.471)	0.023 (0.146)	0.011, 0.036 (0.070, 0.223)	0.011 (0.094)	0.005, 0.019 (0.043, 0.153)
Service	Müden	−0.199 (−0.107)	−0.633, 0.239 (−0.336, 0.113)	−0.006 (−0.036)	−0.018, 0.007 (−0.111, 0.040)	−0.004 (−0.027)	−0.013, 0.004 (−0.087, 0.030)
Meeting place	Lützelburg	0.198 (0.081)	−0.113, 0.531 (−0.053, 0.203)	0.006 (0.038)	−0.003, 0.014 (−0.023, 0.095)	0.003 (0.024)	−0.002, 0.008 (−0.015, 0.065)
Meeting place	Müden	0.198 (0.107)	−0.113, 0.531 (−0.067, 0.270)	0.006 (0.037)	−0.003, 0.014 (−0.023, 0.095)	0.004 (0.028)	−0.002, 0.010 (−0.017, 0.072)
One-stop shopping	Lützelburg	1.000 (0.468)	-(0.359, 0.596)	0.030 (0.214)	0.023, 0.040 (0.160, 0.284)	0.015 (0.139)	0.010, 0.022 (0.089, 0.201)
One-stop shopping	Müden	1.000 (0.633)	-(0.506, 0.774)	0.030 (0.221)	0.023, 0.040 (0.166, 0.293)	0.020 (0.167)	0.014, 0.028 (0.116, 0.230)
Proximity	Lützelburg	0.629 (0.269)	0.298, 1.015(0.143, 0.400)	0.018 (0.123)	0.010, 0.027 (0.065, 0.182)	0.009 (0.079)	0.004, 0.014 (0.039, 0.125)
Proximity	Müden	0.629 (0.332)	0.298, 1.015(0.178, 0.492)	0.018 (0.115)	0.010, 0.027 (0.061, 0.171)	0.012 (0.087)	0.006, 0.019 (0.044, 0.134)
Local products	Lützelburg	0.529 (0.216)	0.217, 0.877(0.096, 0.338)	0.016 (0.099)	0.007, 0.024 (0.043, 0.157)	0.008 (0.064)	0.003, 0.013 (0.026, 0.108)
Local products	Müden	0.529 (0.293)	0.217, 0.877(0.133, 0.453)	0.016 (0.102)	0.007, 0.024 (0.045, 0.160)	0.010 (0.077)	0.004, 0.016 (0.033, 0.124)

Variables	Case study area	Direct effect on subjective norm		Indirect effect on intention		Indirect effect on actual behaviour
Variables	Case study area	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval
Family	Lützelburg	1.000 (0.833)	- (0.538, 1.086)	0.019 (0.135)	0.011, 0.028 (0.076, 0.199)	0.009 (0.087)	0.005, 0.015 (0.045, 0.138)
Family	Müden	1.000 (0.633)	- (0.385, 0.880)	0.019 (0.149)	0.011, 0.028 (0.083, 0.217)	0.013 (0.112)	0.007, 0.019 (0.061, 0.171)
Other locals	Lützelburg	0.542 (0.244)	−0.408, 1.690 (−0.316, 0.645)	0.009 (0.045)	−0.008, 0.025 (−0.040, 0.125)	0.004 (0.029)	−0.004, 0.012 (−0.026, 0.081)
Other locals	Müden	1.044 (0.486)	0.258, 2.236 (0.193, 0.736)	0.018 (0.116)	0.006, 0.029 (0.040, 0.187)	0.011 (0.087)	0.004, 0.019 (0.029, 0.144)

Variables	Case study area	Direct effect on subjective norm		Indirect effect on intention		Indirect effect on actual behaviour
Variables	Case study area	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval
Family	Lützelburg	1.000 (0.833)	-(0.538, 1.086)	0.019 (0.135)	0.011, 0.028 (0.076, 0.199)	0.009 (0.087)	0.005, 0.015 (0.045, 0.138)
Family	Müden	1.000 (0.633)	- (0.385, 0.880)	0.019 (0.149)	0.011, 0.028 (0.083, 0.217)	0.013 (0.112)	0.007, 0.019 (0.061, 0.171)
Other locals	Lützelburg	0.542 (0.244)	−0.408, 1.690 (−0.316, 0.645)	0.009 (0.045)	−0.008, 0.025 (−0.040, 0.125)	0.004 (0.029)	−0.004, 0.012 (−0.026, 0.081)
Other locals	Müden	1.044 (0.486)	0.258, 2.236 (0.193, 0.736)	0.018 (0.116)	0.006, 0.029 (0.040, 0.187)	0.011 (0.087)	0.004, 0.019 (0.029, 0.144)

Variables	Case study area	Direct effect on PBC		Indirect effect on intention		Indirect effect on actual behaviour
Variables	Case study area	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval
Car availability	Lützelburg	1.000 (0.491)	- (0.361, 0.622)	0.096 (0.202)	0.067, 0.127 (0.141, 0.268)	0.037 (0.100)	0.015, 0.060 (0.043, 0.161)
Car availability	Müden	1.000 (0.458)	- (0.334, 0.587)	0.096 (0.182)	0.067, 0.127 (0.128, 0.239)	0.052 (0.113)	0.028, 0.078 (0.062, 0.168)
Health	Lützelburg	0.035 (0.008)	−0.714, 0.754 (−0.175, 0.178)	0.004 (0.004)	−0.065, 0.070 (−0.070, 0.075)	0.001 (0.002)	−0.026, 0.029 (−0.037, 0.040)
Health	Müden	1.463 (0.320)	0.654, 2.457 (0.156, 0.479)	0.137 (0.128)	0.063, 0.212 (0.059, 0.198)	0.074 (0.080)	0.028, 0.128 (0.030, 0.136)
Financial constraints	Lützelburg	1.334 (0.325)	0.736, 2.038 (0.211, 0.439)	0.124 (0.133)	0.079, 0.169 (0.085, 0.181)	0.047 (0.066)	0.019, 0.080 (0.027, 0.110)
Financial constraints	Müden	1.334 (0.342)	0.736, 2.038 (0.221, 0.463)	0.124 (0.136)	0.079, 0.169 (0.086, 0.187)	0.067 (0.084)	0.034, 0.104 (0.043, 0.131)
Time sovereignty	Lützelburg	0.911 (0.389)	0.478, 1.493 (0.252, 0.529)	0.084 (0.159)	0.053, 0.115 (0.100, 0.220)	0.032 (0.079)	0.012, 0.055 (0.032, 0.135)
Time sovereignty	Müden	0.911 (0.408)	0.478, 1.493 (0.265, 0.549)	0.084 (0.162)	0.053, 0.115 (0.102, 0.224)	0.046 (0.101)	0.022, 0.072 (0.050, 0.159)
Shopping together	Lützelburg	1.193 (0.190)	0.054, 2.486 (0.009, 0.363)	0.111 (0.079)	0.005, 0.215 (0.004, 0.153)	0.041 (0.038)	0.001, 0.091 (0.001, 0.084)
Shopping together	Müden	−0.453 (−0.089)	−1.452, 0.475 (−0.278, 0.089)	−0.042 (−0.035)	−0.129, 0.044 (−0.107, 0.036)	−0.024 (−0.022)	−0.078, 0.022 (−0.073, 0.021)

Variables	Case study area	Direct effect on PBC		Indirect effect on intention		Indirect effect on actual behaviour
Variables	Case study area	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval	Effect	90%-credibility interval
Car availability	Lützelburg	1.000 (0.491)	-(0.361, 0.622)	0.096 (0.202)	0.067, 0.127 (0.141, 0.268)	0.037 (0.100)	0.015, 0.060 (0.043, 0.161)
Car availability	Müden	1.000 (0.458)	-(0.334, 0.587)	0.096 (0.182)	0.067, 0.127 (0.128, 0.239)	0.052 (0.113)	0.028, 0.078 (0.062, 0.168)
Health	Lützelburg	0.035 (0.008)	−0.714, 0.754 (−0.175, 0.178)	0.004 (0.004)	−0.065, 0.070 (−0.070, 0.075)	0.001 (0.002)	−0.026, 0.029 (−0.037, 0.040)
Health	Müden	1.463 (0.320)	0.654, 2.457 (0.156, 0.479)	0.137 (0.128)	0.063, 0.212 (0.059, 0.198)	0.074 (0.080)	0.028, 0.128 (0.030, 0.136)
Financial constraints	Lützelburg	1.334 (0.325)	0.736, 2.038 (0.211, 0.439)	0.124 (0.133)	0.079, 0.169 (0.085, 0.181)	0.047 (0.066)	0.019, 0.080 (0.027, 0.110)
Financial constraints	Müden	1.334 (0.342)	0.736, 2.038 (0.221, 0.463)	0.124 (0.136)	0.079, 0.169 (0.086, 0.187)	0.067 (0.084)	0.034, 0.104 (0.043, 0.131)
Time sovereignty	Lützelburg	0.911 (0.389)	0.478, 1.493 (0.252, 0.529)	0.084 (0.159)	0.053, 0.115 (0.100, 0.220)	0.032 (0.079)	0.012, 0.055 (0.032, 0.135)
Time sovereignty	Müden	0.911 (0.408)	0.478, 1.493 (0.265, 0.549)	0.084 (0.162)	0.053, 0.115 (0.102, 0.224)	0.046 (0.101)	0.022, 0.072 (0.050, 0.159)
Shopping together	Lützelburg	1.193 (0.190)	0.054, 2.486 (0.009, 0.363)	0.111 (0.079)	0.005, 0.215 (0.004, 0.153)	0.041 (0.038)	0.001, 0.091 (0.001, 0.084)
Shopping together	Müden	−0.453 (−0.089)	−1.452, 0.475 (−0.278, 0.089)	−0.042 (−0.035)	−0.129, 0.044 (−0.107, 0.036)	−0.024 (−0.022)	−0.078, 0.022 (−0.073, 0.021)

Note(s): Standardized values in parentheses

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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