Table 6

Group test results

Economic freedom levelIndustrial upgradingRuling party ideology
IIIIIIIVVVI
GD−0.035***−0.120***−0.126***−0.082*−0.190***−0.029
(−2.95)(−4.01)(−3.42)(−1.90)(−3.91)(−0.10)
GCF−0.313***−0.572***−0.214**−0.582***−0.594***−0.291**
(−3.56)(−6.93)(−2.22)(−7.45)(−3.22)(−2.49)
FDI−0.0200.054−0.1280.051−0.4410.177**
(−0.09)(1.38)(−0.45)(1.40)(−1.18)(2.57)
CPI0.123**0.190**0.100*0.140**−0.1920.714***
(2.31)(2.40)(1.72)(1.97)(−1.35)(5.69)
GDP−0.588***−0.980***−0.424***−1.156***−0.552**−2.102***
(−5.29)(−8.29)(−3.67)(−10.34)(−2.06)(−8.52)
EGS−0.107−0.040−0.049−0.071−0.378**0.397***
(−1.53)(−0.52)(−0.62)(−0.97)(−2.09)(3.24)
Constant1.208***1.980***1.373***1.707***1.141***1.991***
(5.68)(12.82)(4.41)(15.55)(5.81)(9.02)
R-squared0.7410.9320.6790.9390.8680.963
Observations479480486487184197
country FEYESYESYESYESYESYES
year FEYESYESYESYESYESYES

Note(s): t-statistics are in parenthesis; ***, **, and * denote statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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