Table A1 Description of the variables... | Emerald Publishing

Table A1

Description of the variables

Variable	Description	Source
SDG	SDG index provided by UN It takes values between 0 and 100, from the worst to the best performance of the SDGs	Sustainable Development Reports published by Sustainable Development Solutions Network Available at: https://dashboards.sdgindex.org
WGI_va	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Voice and Accountability It takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of the extent to which citizens participate in selecting their government, freedom of expression and association, and free media	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023) Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_rq	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Regulation Quality It takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of governments’ ability to formulate and implement policies and regulations that permit and encourage private sector development	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023) Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_rl	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Rule of Law It takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of confidence in and willingness to abide by the rules of society, particularly the likelihood of crime and violence and the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and courts, as well as the probability of crime and violence	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023) Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_ps	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Political Stability It takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest likelihood of political instability and violence (including terrorism and ethnic, religious, or regional conflicts)	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023) Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_ge	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Government Effectiveness It takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perception of the quality of public services, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023) Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_cc	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Control of Corruption It takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of the extent to which public power is used for private gain	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023) Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
Left	Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the government has left-wing ideology (including communist, socialist, and social democratic parties), and 0 otherwise	The Database of Political Institutions (2020) (DPI2020) Available at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/database-political-institutions-2020-dpi2020
Strength	Total seats of the governing party as a percentage of the total seats in the legislature	The Database of Political Institutions (2020) (DPI2020) Available at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/database-political-institutions-2020-dpi2020
Balance	Net lending (+)/net borrowing (−) as a percentage of the GDP	World Bank Database - World Development Indicators Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Population	Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship	World Bank Database - World Development Indicators Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Young	Total population between the ages of 20 and 34 as a percentage of the total population	World Bank Database - World Development Indicators Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Variable	Description	Source
SDG	SDG index provided by UNIt takes values between 0 and 100, from the worst to the best performance of the SDGs	Sustainable Development Reports published by Sustainable Development Solutions NetworkAvailable at: https://dashboards.sdgindex.org
WGI_va	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Voice and AccountabilityIt takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of the extent to which citizens participate in selecting their government, freedom of expression and association, and free media	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023)Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_rq	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Regulation QualityIt takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of governments’ ability to formulate and implement policies and regulations that permit and encourage private sector development	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023)Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_rl	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Rule of LawIt takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of confidence in and willingness to abide by the rules of society, particularly the likelihood of crime and violence and the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and courts, as well as the probability of crime and violence	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023)Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_ps	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Political StabilityIt takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest likelihood of political instability and violence (including terrorism and ethnic, religious, or regional conflicts)	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023)Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_ge	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Government EffectivenessIt takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perception of the quality of public services, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023)Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
WGI_cc	Worldwide Governance Indicator: Control of CorruptionIt takes values between −2.5 and 2.5, from the lowest to the highest level of perceptions of the extent to which public power is used for private gain	Worldwide Governance Indicators proposed by Kaufmann et al. (2010), and updated by Kaufmann and Kraay (2023)Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
Left	Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the government has left-wing ideology (including communist, socialist, and social democratic parties), and 0 otherwise	The Database of Political Institutions (2020) (DPI2020)Available at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/database-political-institutions-2020-dpi2020
Strength	Total seats of the governing party as a percentage of the total seats in the legislature	The Database of Political Institutions (2020) (DPI2020)Available at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/database-political-institutions-2020-dpi2020
Balance	Net lending (+)/net borrowing (−) as a percentage of the GDP	World Bank Database - World Development IndicatorsAvailable at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Population	Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship	World Bank Database - World Development IndicatorsAvailable at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Young	Total population between the ages of 20 and 34 as a percentage of the total population	World Bank Database - World Development IndicatorsAvailable at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Source(s): Table created by authors