Table 3 Summary statistics and...

Table 3

Summary statistics and correlations

Panel A: Summary statistics
	N	Mean	SD	Min	P25	Median	P75	Max
Dependent Variable
Donations	1,633,529	1.624	25.320	0	0.008	0.124	0.495	9265.12
Volunteers	1,633,529	125.568	411.524	0	0	9	58	3061
Independent Variable
Hazardous Days	1,633,529	0.037	0.461	0	0	0	0	26
Control Variables
Fundraising Expenses	1,633,529	0.128	1.538	0	0	0	0.028	289.183
Age	1,633,529	25.289	18.703	0	11	21	36	122
Program Expense Ratio	1,633,529	0.812	0.195	0	0.756	0.857	0.941	1
Size	1,633,529	24.721	395.480	0	0.24	0.919	3.993	75287.516
Government Grants	1,633,529	1.083	23.054	0	0	0	0.072	13197.193
Program Service Revenue	1,633,529	9.464	191.975	0	0	0.063	0.565	68337.727
Governance Index	1,633,529	4.371	1.432	0	3	5	5	7
Employees	1,633,529	70.8	240.466	0	0	4	28	1,831
Rural	1,633,529	0.002	0.050	0	0	0	0	1
Poverty Rate	1,633,529	10.108	4.162	0	6.86	9.89	12.81	35.87
Service-Oriented	1,633,529	0.516	0.500	0	0	1	1	1
Sophisticated Donors	1,633,529	0.249	0.432	0	0	0	0	1

Panel A: Summary statistics
	N	Mean	SD	Min	P25	Median	P75	Max
Dependent Variable
Donations	1,633,529	1.624	25.320	0	0.008	0.124	0.495	9265.12
Volunteers	1,633,529	125.568	411.524	0	0	9	58	3061
Independent Variable
Hazardous Days	1,633,529	0.037	0.461	0	0	0	0	26
Control Variables
Fundraising Expenses	1,633,529	0.128	1.538	0	0	0	0.028	289.183
Age	1,633,529	25.289	18.703	0	11	21	36	122
Program Expense Ratio	1,633,529	0.812	0.195	0	0.756	0.857	0.941	1
Size	1,633,529	24.721	395.480	0	0.24	0.919	3.993	75287.516
Government Grants	1,633,529	1.083	23.054	0	0	0	0.072	13197.193
Program Service Revenue	1,633,529	9.464	191.975	0	0	0.063	0.565	68337.727
Governance Index	1,633,529	4.371	1.432	0	3	5	5	7
Employees	1,633,529	70.8	240.466	0	0	4	28	1,831
Rural	1,633,529	0.002	0.050	0	0	0	0	1
Poverty Rate	1,633,529	10.108	4.162	0	6.86	9.89	12.81	35.87
Service-Oriented	1,633,529	0.516	0.500	0	0	1	1	1
Sophisticated Donors	1,633,529	0.249	0.432	0	0	0	0	1

Panel B: Pairwise correlations
Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)
(1) Donations	1
(2) Volunteers	0.345*	1
(3) Hazardous Days	−0.006*	0.000	1
(4) Fundraising Expenses	0.644*	0.284*	−0.008*	1
(5) Age	0.145*	0.196*	−0.003*	0.178*	1
(6) Program Expense Ratio	0.003*	0.002*	0.001	−0.051*	0.021*	1
(7) Size	0.526*	0.245*	−0.013*	0.488*	0.305*	0.017*	1
(8) Government Grants	0.237*	0.142*	0.001	0.263*	0.139*	0.075*	0.347*	1
(9) Program Service Revenue	0.240*	0.170*	−0.010*	0.298*	0.220*	0.081*	0.685*	0.245*	1
(10) Governance Index	0.370*	0.356*	−0.016*	0.291*	0.264*	0.001	0.453*	0.285*	0.312*	1
(11) Employees	0.376*	0.328*	−0.002*	0.361*	0.303*	0.042*	0.541*	0.439*	0.653*	0.488*	1
(12) Rural	−0.014*	−0.011*	0.003*	−0.011*	0.003*	0.002*	−0.013*	−0.004*	−0.009*	−0.017*	0.002*	1
(13) Poverty Rate	0.039*	−0.041*	0.000	0.026*	−0.013*	−0.009*	0.037*	0.056*	0.020*	0.038*	−0.001	0.040*	1

Panel B: Pairwise correlations
Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)
(1) Donations	1
(2) Volunteers	0.345*	1
(3) Hazardous Days	−0.006*	0.000	1
(4) Fundraising Expenses	0.644*	0.284*	−0.008*	1
(5) Age	0.145*	0.196*	−0.003*	0.178*	1
(6) Program Expense Ratio	0.003*	0.002*	0.001	−0.051*	0.021*	1
(7) Size	0.526*	0.245*	−0.013*	0.488*	0.305*	0.017*	1
(8) Government Grants	0.237*	0.142*	0.001	0.263*	0.139*	0.075*	0.347*	1
(9) Program Service Revenue	0.240*	0.170*	−0.010*	0.298*	0.220*	0.081*	0.685*	0.245*	1
(10) Governance Index	0.370*	0.356*	−0.016*	0.291*	0.264*	0.001	0.453*	0.285*	0.312*	1
(11) Employees	0.376*	0.328*	−0.002*	0.361*	0.303*	0.042*	0.541*	0.439*	0.653*	0.488*	1
(12) Rural	−0.014*	−0.011*	0.003*	−0.011*	0.003*	0.002*	−0.013*	−0.004*	−0.009*	−0.017*	0.002*	1
(13) Poverty Rate	0.039*	−0.041*	0.000	0.026*	−0.013*	−0.009*	0.037*	0.056*	0.020*	0.038*	−0.001	0.040*	1

Note(s): All continuous variables (Donations, Volunteers, Fundraising Expenses, Age, Size, Government Grants, Program Service Revenue, and Employees) are logged and winsorized in our multivariate tests, but we present unlogged versions above for ease of interpretation. Continuous variables are winsorized at the 1st and 99th percentiles. Financial variables (Donations, Fundraising Expenses, Size, Government Grants, Program Service Revenue) are scaled by $1,000,000s

*p < 0.05

Source(s): Authors' own creation

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