Table 4

Air quality, donations, and volunteers: Main hypothesis tests

DV =
Donations (1)Volunteers (2)
Hazardous Dayst−0.001**(−3.146)0.008*(2.111)
Fundraising Expensest-11.831**(2148.866)1.931**(215.830)
Aget−0.021**(−105.328)0.166**(81.195)
Program Expense Ratiot-10.060**(72.916)0.073**(8.551)
Sizet-10.088**(449.594)0.031**(15.086)
Government Grantst-1−0.060**(−184.488)−0.185**(−54.152)
Program Service Revenuet-1−0.129**(−501.924)−0.220**(−81.886)
Governance Indext-10.023**(169.947)0.371**(261.704)
Employeest-10.038**(316.842)0.255**(201.718)
Ruralt-1−0.032**(−10.117)−0.448**(−13.483)
Poverty Ratet-1−0.0001(−0.692)−0.039**(−84.688)
Constant−0.089**(−28.517)−0.318**(−9.662)
Industry, State, and Year Fixed EffectsYESYES
Observations1,633,5291,633,529
Adjusted R20.8380.222
F99,738.743**5,495.588**

Note(s): Table shows coefficients from robust regressions, with t-stats in parentheses; + p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (two-tailed). Robust regressions eliminate gross outliers (i.e. where Cook's distance >1), and automatically down-weights outliers and influential observations in the estimation process, providing more reliable coefficient estimates than OLS when data contain extreme values or influential cases. See  Appendix for variable definitions

Source(s): Authors' own creation

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