Air quality, donations, and volunteers: conditioning effect of service-oriented
| DV = | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donations (1) | Volunteers (2) | |||
| Hazardous Dayst | −0.002** | (−4.334) | 0.014* | (2.836) |
| Service-Orientedt | −0.108** | (−294.508) | −0.383** | (−98.488) |
| Hazardous Days × Service-Orientedt | 0.002** | (2.296) | −0.015* | (−2.095) |
| Fundraising Expensest-1 | 1.806** | (2148.698) | 1.863** | (208.576) |
| Aget | −0.017** | (−89.129) | 0.177** | (86.636) |
| Program Expense Ratiot-1 | 0.080** | (99.856) | 0.125** | (14.537) |
| Sizet-1 | 0.078** | (400.768) | −0.0001 | (−0.002) |
| Government Grantst-1 | −0.078** | (−240.601) | −0.230** | (−66.953) |
| Program Service Revenuet-1 | −0.095** | (−346.395) | −0.109** | (−37.575) |
| Governance Indext-1 | 0.024** | (179.108) | 0.373** | (264.034) |
| Employeest-1 | 0.040** | (338.578) | 0.261** | (206.539) |
| Ruralt-1 | −0.032** | (−10.176) | −0.441** | (−13.331) |
| Poverty Ratet-1 | −0.0002** | (−4.270) | −0.039** | (−85.999) |
| Constant | −0.060** | (−19.276) | −0.192** | (−5.835) |
| Industry, State, and Year Fixed Effects | YES | YES | ||
| Observations | 1,633,529 | 1,633,529 | ||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.843 | 0.227 | ||
| F | 100775.746** | 5530.351** | ||
| DV = | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donations (1) | Volunteers (2) | |||
| Hazardous Dayst | −0.002** | (−4.334) | 0.014* | (2.836) |
| Service-Orientedt | −0.108** | (−294.508) | −0.383** | (−98.488) |
| Hazardous Days × Service-Orientedt | 0.002** | (2.296) | −0.015* | (−2.095) |
| Fundraising Expensest-1 | 1.806** | (2148.698) | 1.863** | (208.576) |
| Aget | −0.017** | (−89.129) | 0.177** | (86.636) |
| Program Expense Ratiot-1 | 0.080** | (99.856) | 0.125** | (14.537) |
| Sizet-1 | 0.078** | (400.768) | −0.0001 | (−0.002) |
| Government Grantst-1 | −0.078** | (−240.601) | −0.230** | (−66.953) |
| Program Service Revenuet-1 | −0.095** | (−346.395) | −0.109** | (−37.575) |
| Governance Indext-1 | 0.024** | (179.108) | 0.373** | (264.034) |
| Employeest-1 | 0.040** | (338.578) | 0.261** | (206.539) |
| Ruralt-1 | −0.032** | (−10.176) | −0.441** | (−13.331) |
| Poverty Ratet-1 | −0.0002** | (−4.270) | −0.039** | (−85.999) |
| Constant | −0.060** | (−19.276) | −0.192** | (−5.835) |
| Industry, State, and Year Fixed Effects | YES | YES | ||
| Observations | 1,633,529 | 1,633,529 | ||
| Adjusted | 0.843 | 0.227 | ||
| F | 100775.746** | 5530.351** | ||
Note(s): Table shows coefficients from robust regressions, with t-stats in parentheses; + p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (two-tailed). Robust regressions eliminate gross outliers (i.e. where Cook's distance >1), and automatically down-weights outliers and influential observations in the estimation process, providing more reliable coefficient estimates than OLS when data contain extreme values or influential cases. Service-Oriented organizations are those with a ratio of program service revenues to total revenues exceeding the sample mean. See Appendix for variable definitions
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