Air quality, donations, and volunteers: Conditioning effect of sophisticated donors
| DV = | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donations (1) | Volunteers (2) | |||
| Hazardous Dayst | −0.001* | (−2.019) | 0.011* | (2.641) |
| Sophisticated Donorst | 0.085** | (189.016) | 0.809** | (172.040) |
| Hazardous Days × Sophisticated Donorst | −0.002** | (−1.974) | −0.015 | (−1.642) |
| Fundraising Expensest-1 | 1.808** | (2130.271) | 1.803** | (203.178) |
| Aget | −0.023** | (−117.976) | 0.140** | (68.722) |
| Program Expense Ratiot-1 | 0.063** | (77.224) | 0.104** | (12.248) |
| Sizet-1 | 0.081** | (414.576) | −0.008** | (−4.011) |
| Government Grantst-1 | −0.056** | (−172.519) | −0.154** | (−45.643) |
| Program Service Revenuet-1 | −0.120** | (−467.139) | −0.168** | (−62.730) |
| Governance Indext-1 | 0.019** | (137.316) | 0.328** | (229.830) |
| Employeest-1 | 0.035** | (294.191) | 0.233** | (185.030) |
| Ruralt-1 | −0.030** | (−9.689) | −0.434** | (−13.197) |
| Poverty Ratet-1 | 0.0001 | (1.521) | −0.038** | (−83.760) |
| Constant | −0.095** | (−30.472) | −0.416** | (−12.754) |
| Industry, State, and Year Fixed Effects | YES | YES | ||
| Observations | 1,633,529 | 1,633,529 | ||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.839 | 0.237 | ||
| F | 97708.621** | 5835.815** | ||
| DV = | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donations (1) | Volunteers (2) | |||
| Hazardous Dayst | −0.001* | (−2.019) | 0.011* | (2.641) |
| Sophisticated Donorst | 0.085** | (189.016) | 0.809** | (172.040) |
| Hazardous Days × Sophisticated Donorst | −0.002** | (−1.974) | −0.015 | (−1.642) |
| Fundraising Expensest-1 | 1.808** | (2130.271) | 1.803** | (203.178) |
| Aget | −0.023** | (−117.976) | 0.140** | (68.722) |
| Program Expense Ratiot-1 | 0.063** | (77.224) | 0.104** | (12.248) |
| Sizet-1 | 0.081** | (414.576) | −0.008** | (−4.011) |
| Government Grantst-1 | −0.056** | (−172.519) | −0.154** | (−45.643) |
| Program Service Revenuet-1 | −0.120** | (−467.139) | −0.168** | (−62.730) |
| Governance Indext-1 | 0.019** | (137.316) | 0.328** | (229.830) |
| Employeest-1 | 0.035** | (294.191) | 0.233** | (185.030) |
| Ruralt-1 | −0.030** | (−9.689) | −0.434** | (−13.197) |
| Poverty Ratet-1 | 0.0001 | (1.521) | −0.038** | (−83.760) |
| Constant | −0.095** | (−30.472) | −0.416** | (−12.754) |
| Industry, State, and Year Fixed Effects | YES | YES | ||
| Observations | 1,633,529 | 1,633,529 | ||
| Adjusted | 0.839 | 0.237 | ||
| F | 97708.621** | 5835.815** | ||
Note(s): Table shows coefficients from robust regressions, with t-stats in parentheses; + p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (two-tailed). Robust regressions eliminate gross outliers (i.e. where Cook's distance >1), and automatically down-weights outliers and influential observations in the estimation process, providing more reliable coefficient estimates than OLS when data contain extreme values or influential cases. Organizations with Sophisticated Donors are those reporting temporary or permanent restrictions on their net assets. See Appendix for variable definitions
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