Air quality, donations, and volunteers: Crowd-out test
| DV = | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donations (1) | Volunteers (2) | |||
| Hazardous Dayst | −0.0005 | (−1.234) | 0.013* | (3.305) |
| Government Grantst-1 | −0.060** | (−183.441) | −0.184** | (−53.706) |
| Hazardous Days × Government Grantst-1 | −0.005** | (−6.581) | −0.027** | (−3.804) |
| Fundraising Expensest-1 | 1.831** | (2148.607) | 1.930** | (215.757) |
| Aget | −0.021** | (−105.333) | 0.166** | (81.188) |
| Program Expense Ratiot-1 | 0.060** | (72.910) | 0.073** | (8.544) |
| Sizet-1 | 0.088** | (449.618) | 0.031** | (15.102) |
| Program Service Revenuet-1 | −0.129** | (−501.943) | −0.220** | (−81.911) |
| Governance Indext-1 | 0.023** | (169.965) | 0.371** | (261.724) |
| Employeest-1 | 0.038** | (316.852) | 0.255** | (201.732) |
| Ruralt-1 | −0.032** | (−10.110) | −0.447** | (−13.476) |
| Poverty Ratet-1 | −0.00003 | (−0.709) | −0.039** | (−84.699) |
| Constant | −0.090** | (−28.534) | −0.319** | (−9.675) |
| Industry, State, and Year Fixed Effects | YES | YES | ||
| Observations | 1,633,529 | 1,633,550 | ||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.838 | 0.222 | ||
| F | 98581.098** | 5431.921** | ||
| DV = | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donations (1) | Volunteers (2) | |||
| Hazardous Dayst | −0.0005 | (−1.234) | 0.013* | (3.305) |
| Government Grantst-1 | −0.060** | (−183.441) | −0.184** | (−53.706) |
| Hazardous Days × Government Grantst-1 | −0.005** | (−6.581) | −0.027** | (−3.804) |
| Fundraising Expensest-1 | 1.831** | (2148.607) | 1.930** | (215.757) |
| Aget | −0.021** | (−105.333) | 0.166** | (81.188) |
| Program Expense Ratiot-1 | 0.060** | (72.910) | 0.073** | (8.544) |
| Sizet-1 | 0.088** | (449.618) | 0.031** | (15.102) |
| Program Service Revenuet-1 | −0.129** | (−501.943) | −0.220** | (−81.911) |
| Governance Indext-1 | 0.023** | (169.965) | 0.371** | (261.724) |
| Employeest-1 | 0.038** | (316.852) | 0.255** | (201.732) |
| Ruralt-1 | −0.032** | (−10.110) | −0.447** | (−13.476) |
| Poverty Ratet-1 | −0.00003 | (−0.709) | −0.039** | (−84.699) |
| Constant | −0.090** | (−28.534) | −0.319** | (−9.675) |
| Industry, State, and Year Fixed Effects | YES | YES | ||
| Observations | 1,633,529 | 1,633,550 | ||
| Adjusted | 0.838 | 0.222 | ||
| F | 98581.098** | 5431.921** | ||
Note(s): Table shows coefficients from robust regressions, with t-stats in parentheses; + p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (two-tailed). Robust regressions eliminate gross outliers (i.e. where Cook's distance >1), and automatically down-weights outliers and influential observations in the estimation process, providing more reliable coefficient estimates than OLS when data contain extreme values or influential cases. See Appendix for variable definitions
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