Frequently discussed variables
| Variable name | Sources | Frequency | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antecedents | AI Task and Knowledge | ||
| Task characteristics | Im and Kim (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Boustani (2022), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Prentice et al. (2020), Koo et al. (2021), Li et al. (2019), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Verma and Singh (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Abdelhakim et al. (2023), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Song et al. (2024), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Do et al. (2023), Zhu and Kanjanamekanant (2023), Willems et al. (2023), Tojib et al. (2023), Zirar et al. (2023), Bhattacharyya (2023), Li et al. (2019), Li et al. (2024), Dutta et al. (2023), Park et al. (2024), Leung et al. (2023), Garrelfs et al. (2023) | 43 | |
| Knowledge characteristics | Wijayati et al. (2022), Im and Kim (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Vasiljeva et al. (2021), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Motamarri et al. (2020), Li et al. (2019), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Verma and Singh (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), He et al. (2024), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Abdelhakim et al. (2023), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Pillai et al. (2024), Song et al. (2024), Do et al. (2023), Tojib et al. (2023), He et al. (2025), Zirar et al. (2023), Li et al. (2024), Nguyen et al. (2023), Leung et al. (2023), Garrelfs et al. (2023), Cheng et al. (2023) | 41 | |
| FLE Characteristics and Role | |||
| Job role | Wijayati et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Parvez et al. (2022), Li et al. (2019), Zhang and Jin (2023), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Liang et al. (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Willems et al. (2023), Li et al. (2019) | 29 | |
| Age/generational differences | Wijayati et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Parvez et al. (2022), Makridis and Han (2021), Li et al. (2019), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Dutta et al. (2023) | 27 | |
| Technical Proficiency | Wijayati et al. (2022), Im and Kim (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Lin et al. (2022), Parvez et al. (2022), Motamarri et al. (2020), Li et al. (2019), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Zirar et al. (2023), Sattu et al. (2024) | 30 | |
| Moderators | Organization-related attributes | ||
| Leadership | Wijayati et al. (2022), Abubakar et al. (2019), Suseno et al. (2022), Malik et al. (2022), Verma and Singh (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Cao et al. (2021), Li et al. (2019) | 8 | |
| Transparency | Chowdhury et al. (2022), Shamim et al. (2023), Nguyen et al. (2023), Sattu et al. (2024) | 4 | |
| Organizational culture | Boustani (2022), Song et al. (2022), Makridis and Han (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Kong et al. (2021), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Abdelhakim et al. (2023), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Do et al. (2023), Li et al. (2019), Garrelfs et al. (2023) | 11 | |
| Industrial relations climate | Zhao et al. (2023), Khoa et al. (2023) | 2 | |
| Competitive psychological climate | Khaliq et al. (2022), Li et al. (2019), Song et al. (2024), Do et al. (2023), Madan and Ashok (2024), Garrelfs et al. (2023) | 6 | |
| Perceived organizational support | Li et al. (2019), Song et al. (2024), Khoa et al. (2023), Willems et al. (2023), Bhattacharyya (2023), Garrelfs et al. (2023) | 6 | |
| Employee engagement | Wang et al. (2023a, b), Prentice et al. (2023), Vasiljeva et al. (2021), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Koo et al. (2021), Makridis and Han (2021), Gkinko and Elbanna (2022), Loureiro et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Willems et al. (2023), Bhattacharyya (2023), Li et al. (2024), Dutta et al. (2023), Nguyen et al. (2023) | 14 | |
| Mediators (FLE psychological responses to AI integration) | Cognitive appraisal | ||
| Relationship | Chowdhury et al. (2022), Gkinko and Elbanna (2023), You et al. (2018), Makridis and Han (2021), Shamim et al. (2023), Loureiro et al. (2023), Do et al. (2023), Madan and Ashok (2024), Khoa et al. (2023), Dutta et al. (2023), Park et al. (2024), Sattu et al. (2024), Leung et al. (2023), Garrelfs et al. (2023) | 14 | |
| AI Benefits and Risks | Song et al. (2022), Lin et al. (2022), Motamarri et al. (2020), Malik et al. (2022), Verma and Singh (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Madan and Ashok (2024), Willems et al. (2023), Behn et al. (2024), Bhattacharyya (2023), Li et al. (2019), Nguyen et al. (2023), Park et al. (2024), Sattu et al. (2024), Leung et al. (2023), Garrelfs et al. (2023) | 16 | |
| Job Security | Im and Kim (2022), Hornung and Smolnik (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), DingL.2021, Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Kong et al. (2021), Nam (2019), Mirbabaie et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Loureiro et al. (2023), Song et al. (2024), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Zhu and Kanjanamekanant (2023), Willems et al. (2023), Tojib et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2024), Bhattacharyya (2023), Park et al. (2024), Sattu et al. (2024) | 20 | |
| Emotion | |||
| Achievement | Hornung and Smolnik (2022), Gkinko and Elbanna (2023), Dang and Liu (2022), Chiu et al. (2021), Qiu et al. (2022), Do et al. (2023), Park et al. (2024) | 7 | |
| Challenge | Hornung and Smolnik (2022), Suseno et al. (2022), Gkinko and Elbanna (2023), Gkinko and Elbanna (2022), Liang et al. (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Cao et al. (2021), Pillai et al. (2024), Do et al. (2023), Park et al. (2024), Cheng et al. (2023) | 12 | |
| Loss | Wang et al. (2023a, b), Hornung and Smolnik (2022), Parvez et al. (2022), Gkinko and Elbanna (2022), Chiu et al. (2021), Pillai et al. (2024), Song et al. (2024), Do et al. (2023), Willems et al. (2023), Behn et al. (2024), He et al. (2024), Bhattacharyya (2023), Park et al. (2024) | 13 | |
| Deterrence | Hornung and Smolnik (2022), Gkinko and Elbanna (2022), Song et al. (2024), Do et al. (2023), Zhu and Kanjanamekanant (2023), Willems et al. (2023), Tojib et al. (2023), Behn et al. (2024), He et al. (2025), Nguyen et al. (2023), Park et al. (2024), Sattu et al. (2024), Cheng et al. (2023) | 13 | |
| Outcome variables | Intention and Behavioral outcome | ||
| AI adoption | Wijayati et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Parvez et al. (2022), Li et al. (2019), Zhang and Jin (2023), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Liang et al. (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Pillai et al. (2024), Do et al. (2023), Willems et al. (2023), Behn et al. (2024), Zirar et al. (2023), Bhattacharyya (2023), Li et al. (2019), Li et al. (2024), Park et al. (2024), Sattu et al. (2024), Leung et al. (2023), Cheng et al. (2023) | 39 | |
| Turn-over intention | Wijayati et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Parvez et al. (2022), Makridis and Han (2021), Li et al. (2019), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Zhu and Kanjanamekanant (2023), Kang et al. (2024) | 28 | |
| FLE performance | Wijayati et al. (2022), Im and Kim (2022), Wang et al. (2023a, b), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Khaliq et al. (2022), Prentice et al. (2023), Saxena and Mishra (2025), Lin et al. (2022), Parvez et al. (2022), Motamarri et al. (2020), Li et al. (2019), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022a), Malik et al. (2022), Presbitero and Teng-Calleja (2023), Shamim et al. (2023), Kang et al. (2023), Brougham and Haar (2018), Nam (2019), Zhao et al. (2023), Lingmont and Alexiou (2020), Verma and Singh (2022), Qiu et al. (2022), Tong et al. (2021), Vorobeva et al. (2022), Zhu et al. (2021), Arias-Pérez and Vélez-Jaramillo (2022b), Vatan and Dogan (2021), Loureiro et al. (2023), Song et al. (2024), Do et al. (2023), Willems et al. (2023), He et al. (2024), Li et al. (2019), Dutta et al. (2023) | 34 | |
| Variable name | Sources | Frequency | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antecedents | |||
| Task characteristics | 43 | ||
| Knowledge characteristics | 41 | ||
| Job role | 29 | ||
| Age/generational differences | 27 | ||
| Technical Proficiency | 30 | ||
| Moderators | |||
| Leadership | 8 | ||
| Transparency | 4 | ||
| Organizational culture | 11 | ||
| Industrial relations climate | 2 | ||
| Competitive psychological climate | 6 | ||
| Perceived organizational support | 6 | ||
| Employee engagement | 14 | ||
| Mediators | |||
| Relationship | 14 | ||
| AI Benefits and Risks | 16 | ||
| Job Security | 20 | ||
| Achievement | 7 | ||
| Challenge | 12 | ||
| Loss | 13 | ||
| Deterrence | 13 | ||
| Outcome variables | |||
| AI adoption | 39 | ||
| Turn-over intention | 28 | ||
| FLE performance | 34 | ||
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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