Table 4 Characteristics of innovation... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Characteristics of innovation processes

Characteristics	Case A	Case B	Case C	Case D	Case E	Case F	Case G
Trajectory	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations
Has made a prototype	×		×	×	×	×	×
Approach to learning about innovation	Learning before doing	Learning by doing	Learning by doing	Learning by doing	Learning by doing	Learning before doing	Learning before doing
Open/closed approach to innovation	Open	Open	Open	Open	Open	Open	Open
Experience with manufacturing innovation (automation)	A mix of automated and manual processes. Require manual handling between processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Require manual handling between processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Automated handling between some processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Require manual handling between processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Automated handling between some processes	The entire process is automated and hands-off	The entire process is automated and hands-off
Experience with manufacturing innovation (Industry 4.0)	No prior Industry 4.0 solutions in operations	Some Industry 4.0-related projects have been implemented	No prior Industry 4.0 solutions in operations	Some Industry 4.0-related projects have been implemented	Some Industry 4.0-related projects have been implemented	Operations are hands-off and controlled by utilizing data	No prior Industry 4.0 solutions in operations

Characteristics	Case A	Case B	Case C	Case D	Case E	Case F	Case G
Trajectory	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations	Iterations
Has made a prototype	×		×	×	×	×	×
Approach to learning about innovation	Learning before doing	Learning by doing	Learning by doing	Learning by doing	Learning by doing	Learning before doing	Learning before doing
Open/closed approach to innovation	Open	Open	Open	Open	Open	Open	Open
Experience with manufacturing innovation (automation)	A mix of automated and manual processes. Require manual handling between processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Require manual handling between processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Automated handling between some processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Require manual handling between processes	A mix of automated and manual processes. Automated handling between some processes	The entire process is automated and hands-off	The entire process is automated and hands-off
Experience with manufacturing innovation (Industry 4.0)	No prior Industry 4.0 solutions in operations	Some Industry 4.0-related projects have been implemented	No prior Industry 4.0 solutions in operations	Some Industry 4.0-related projects have been implemented	Some Industry 4.0-related projects have been implemented	Operations are hands-off and controlled by utilizing data	No prior Industry 4.0 solutions in operations

Source(s): Authors’ own work