Table 5 Overview of temporal analysis... | Emerald Publishing

Table 5

Overview of temporal analysis techniques and their applications across different document types

Analysis method	Applications	Temporal data sources and examples
Machine learning	Classifying and organising news stories by events Tracking real-time events (festivals, disasters) Discovering event patterns and relationships Supporting user navigation of event collections Political event tracking Historical event categorisation	News and current events Hong Kong Protests and Ebola outbreak dataset Zhang et al. (2022) Nepal earthquake coverage and US presidential election Miao et al. (2021) Breaking news including floods and terrorist attacks Nugent et al. (2017) Topic Detection: 15,863 news stories from Reuters/CNN Yang et al. (2000) Japanese news from NHK and Mainichi News Sumikawa and Ikejiri (2021) Armed conflicts and attacks events Košmerlj et al. (2015) Senkaku Islands dispute Qian et al. (2014) Social and cultural events VFestival events prediction de Lira et al. (2019) Apple Conference and Dior Addict events Gao et al. (2017) New York events, music events and races Guo et al. (2021) New York Stock Exchange trading Dias et al. (2014) Historical and linguistic analysis Korean history (1392–1863) across 25 kings' reigns Kim et al. (2020) Temporal properties from raw text UzZaman and Allen (2010)
Language models	Mapping complex current events and event development over time Processing multimedia content Crisis and disaster event tracking	Political conflict CPI(M) activists attacked a BJP rally in Hrishyamukh on 18 January 2018 Kent and Krumbiegel (2021) Natural disasters on social media Wildfires, hurricanes, earthquakes Li et al. (2022)
Rule-based systems	Organising historical document collections Creating searchable time period archives Building temporal classification systems Managing library collections	Time periods and historical events Subject headings: Clinton Administration, Elizabethan Period Petras et al. (2006) Historical actions: “sign a treaty”, “occupy”, “start the offensive” Cybulska and Vossen (2011) Temporal expressions Standard time expressions: dates (today), times (9 p.m.), durations (two days), sets (weekly) Lange et al. (2019) Temporal expressions: Historical Wikipedia articles Strötgen and Gertz (2013)
Natural language processing (NLP)	Connecting related historical events Organising historical document collections	Historical events Source material: Historical Wikipedia articles: “Second Police Action of 1948 in Indonesia” Segers et al. (2011)

Analysis method	Applications	Temporal data sources and examples
Machine learning	Classifying and organising news stories by events Tracking real-time events (festivals, disasters) Discovering event patterns and relationships Supporting user navigation of event collections Political event tracking Historical event categorisation	News and current events Hong Kong Protests and Ebola outbreak dataset Zhang et al. (2022) Nepal earthquake coverage and US presidential election Miao et al. (2021) Breaking news including floods and terrorist attacks Nugent et al. (2017) Topic Detection: 15,863 news stories from Reuters/CNN Yang et al. (2000) Japanese news from NHK and Mainichi News Sumikawa and Ikejiri (2021) Armed conflicts and attacks events Košmerlj et al. (2015) Senkaku Islands dispute Qian et al. (2014) Social and cultural events VFestival events prediction de Lira et al. (2019) Apple Conference and Dior Addict events Gao et al. (2017) New York events, music events and races Guo et al. (2021) New York Stock Exchange trading Dias et al. (2014) Historical and linguistic analysis Korean history (1392–1863) across 25 kings' reigns Kim et al. (2020) Temporal properties from raw text UzZaman and Allen (2010)
Language models	Mapping complex current events and event development over time Processing multimedia content Crisis and disaster event tracking	Political conflict CPI(M) activists attacked a BJP rally in Hrishyamukh on 18 January 2018 Kent and Krumbiegel (2021) Natural disasters on social media Wildfires, hurricanes, earthquakes Li et al. (2022)
Rule-based systems	Organising historical document collections Creating searchable time period archives Building temporal classification systems Managing library collections	Time periods and historical events Subject headings: Clinton Administration, Elizabethan Period Petras et al. (2006) Historical actions: “sign a treaty”, “occupy”, “start the offensive” Cybulska and Vossen (2011) Temporal expressions Standard time expressions: dates (today), times (9 p.m.), durations (two days), sets (weekly) Lange et al. (2019) Temporal expressions: Historical Wikipedia articles Strötgen and Gertz (2013)
Natural language processing (NLP)	Connecting related historical events Organising historical document collections	Historical events Source material: Historical Wikipedia articles: “Second Police Action of 1948 in Indonesia” Segers et al. (2011)

Source(s): Author’s own work