Table 1 Constructs, variables, and...

Table 1

Constructs, variables, and references

Constructs	Variables	Code	Authors
Kaizen Operational Practices	Kaizen teams (Quality Control Circles - QCCs or small group activities)	KZ1	Brunet and New (2003), Al-Hyari et al. (2019), Aoki (2008), Alvarado-Ramírez et al. (2018), Berhe (2021), Franken et al. (2021)
	Standardization - application of Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) and other standardization tools	KZ2	Aoki (2008), Alvarado-Ramírez et al. (2018), Cheng (2018), Berhe (2021)
	MUDA/Waste elimination (process innovation or redesign)	KZ3	Aoki (2008), Kumar et al. (2024), Berhe (2021)
	5S	KZ4	Aoki (2008), Alvarado-Ramírez et al. (2018)
	Gemba (the place where the action occurs at work)	KZ5	Cheng (2018), Berhe (2021)
	Kaizen event (Kaizen-Blitz, Short Term Kaizen	KZ6	Cheng (2018), Kumar et al. (2024), Al-Hyari et al. (2019), Franken et al. (2021)
	Suggestion System (PDCA at individual level - Kaizen Teian)	KZ7	Brunet and New (2003), Berhe (2021)
	Visual Management	KZ8	Berhe (2021)
	Problem solving methodology (A3 or Improvement Kata)	KZ9	Suarez Barraza et al. (2011), Suárez-Barraza and Miguel-Dávila (2014)
Environmental Performance	Implementation of environmental management (environmental risk manager, waste manager, and environmental policy) activities	EP1	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Production of eco-friendly products/services	EP2	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Use of recycled and reused materials	EP3	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
	Protection of biodiversity and efforts to solve environmental problems	EP4	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Reduction of soil contamination and landscape impacts	EP5	Kumar et al. (2024)
	Reduction of air emissions (CO2, SO2 emissions)	EP6	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
	Increase of water and energy consumption efficiency	EP7	Kumar et al. (2024), Liu et al. (2022)
	Use of renewable energy/renewable raw materials	EP8	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
Social Performance	Human capital development and training	SP1	Sancha et al. (2022)
	Working condition (quality, health, and safety) and employment stability	SP2	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Customer and product responsibility, customer relation management	SP3	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Privacy and data security (information management policy for consumers)	SP4	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Ethical business management and market	SP5	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Philanthropy, social donation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities for communities	SP6	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Degree of disclosure of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities	SP7	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Efforts for community development	SP8	Liu et al. (2022)
	Compliance with laws and regulations related to social values	SP9	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
Governance Performance	Prevention of corruption and bribery	GP1	Sancha et al. (2022)
	Remuneration/compensation policy	GP2	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Respect of shareholders’ rights	GP3	Liu et al. (2022)
	Audit and control systems	GP4	Sancha et al. (2022)
	Risk and crisis management	GP5	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Transparency and reporting	GP6	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Board diversity and structure, corporate governance committees	GP7	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Board independence	GP8	Liu et al. (2022)
	Performs continuous disclosures (publishing sustainability management reports) externally on its board of directors and information	GP9	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
Digital Systems	Big Data/Big Data Analytics systems	DS1	Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020), Vinodh et al. (2021), Maganga and Taifa (2023)
	Instant, real-time, and in-process inspection and monitoring systems	DS2	Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020)
	Intelligent/Predictive Maintenance system	DS3	Vinodh et al. (2021), Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020), Maganga and Taifa (2023)
	Intelligent quality monitoring and control system	DS4	Vinodh et al. (2021), Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020), Maganga and Taifa (2023)

Constructs	Variables	Code	Authors
Kaizen Operational Practices	Kaizen teams (Quality Control Circles - QCCs or small group activities)	KZ1	Brunet and New (2003), Al-Hyari et al. (2019), Aoki (2008), Alvarado-Ramírez et al. (2018), Berhe (2021), Franken et al. (2021)
	Standardization - application of Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) and other standardization tools	KZ2	Aoki (2008), Alvarado-Ramírez et al. (2018), Cheng (2018), Berhe (2021)
	MUDA/Waste elimination (process innovation or redesign)	KZ3	Aoki (2008), Kumar et al. (2024), Berhe (2021)
	5S	KZ4	Aoki (2008), Alvarado-Ramírez et al. (2018)
	Gemba (the place where the action occurs at work)	KZ5	Cheng (2018), Berhe (2021)
	Kaizen event (Kaizen-Blitz, Short Term Kaizen	KZ6	Cheng (2018), Kumar et al. (2024), Al-Hyari et al. (2019), Franken et al. (2021)
	Suggestion System (PDCA at individual level - Kaizen Teian)	KZ7	Brunet and New (2003), Berhe (2021)
	Visual Management	KZ8	Berhe (2021)
	Problem solving methodology (A3 or Improvement Kata)	KZ9	Suarez Barraza et al. (2011), Suárez-Barraza and Miguel-Dávila (2014)
Environmental Performance	Implementation of environmental management (environmental risk manager, waste manager, and environmental policy) activities	EP1	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Production of eco-friendly products/services	EP2	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Use of recycled and reused materials	EP3	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
	Protection of biodiversity and efforts to solve environmental problems	EP4	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Reduction of soil contamination and landscape impacts	EP5	Kumar et al. (2024)
	Reduction of air emissions (CO2, SO2 emissions)	EP6	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
	Increase of water and energy consumption efficiency	EP7	Kumar et al. (2024), Liu et al. (2022)
	Use of renewable energy/renewable raw materials	EP8	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
Social Performance	Human capital development and training	SP1	Sancha et al. (2022)
	Working condition (quality, health, and safety) and employment stability	SP2	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Customer and product responsibility, customer relation management	SP3	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Privacy and data security (information management policy for consumers)	SP4	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Ethical business management and market	SP5	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Philanthropy, social donation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities for communities	SP6	Liu et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Degree of disclosure of their Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR) activities	SP7	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Efforts for community development	SP8	Liu et al. (2022)
	Compliance with laws and regulations related to social values	SP9	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
Governance Performance	Prevention of corruption and bribery	GP1	Sancha et al. (2022)
	Remuneration/compensation policy	GP2	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Respect of shareholders’ rights	GP3	Liu et al. (2022)
	Audit and control systems	GP4	Sancha et al. (2022)
	Risk and crisis management	GP5	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Transparency and reporting	GP6	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Board diversity and structure, corporate governance committees	GP7	Sancha et al. (2022), Kumar et al. (2024)
	Board independence	GP8	Liu et al. (2022)
	Performs continuous disclosures (publishing sustainability management reports) externally on its board of directors and information	GP9	Liu et al. (2022), Sancha et al. (2022)
Digital Systems	Big Data/Big Data Analytics systems	DS1	Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020), Vinodh et al. (2021), Maganga and Taifa (2023)
	Instant, real-time, and in-process inspection and monitoring systems	DS2	Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020)
	Intelligent/Predictive Maintenance system	DS3	Vinodh et al. (2021), Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020), Maganga and Taifa (2023)
	Intelligent quality monitoring and control system	DS4	Vinodh et al. (2021), Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020), Maganga and Taifa (2023)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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