Table 1.

Variable description, measurement and source

VariableDescription/measurementSource
Human development (HD)An index of education, life expectancy and gross national incomeUNDP-HDI
Tourism development index (TDI)A composite index that measures a country’s ability to develop tourismWEF-TTDI
Enabling environment dimension (EED)Index score that measures regulatory, safety, and business environment for tourismWEF-TTDI
Tourism policy and enabling environment dimension (TPEED)Index score that assesses policies and regulatory conditions for tourism growthWEF-TTDI
Infrastructure and services dimension (ISD)Index score that evaluates transport, accommodation, and service infrastructureWEF-TTDI
Tourism resources dimension (TRD)Index score that measures natural, cultural, and recreational tourism resourcesWEF-TTDI
Tourism sustainability dimension (TSD)Index score that assesses the environmental and economic sustainability of tourismWEF-TTDI
Population growth (POP)The annual percentage increase in populationWDI
Urbanization (URB)The percentage of the population living in urban areasWDI
Gross capital formation (GCF)Total investment in physical assets like infrastructure as a percentage of GDPWDI
Government effectiveness (GEF)An index score that measures the quality of governance and public servicesWDI
Government expenditure on education (GEX)Government spending on education as a percentage of GDPWDI
Digitalization (DIG)The extent of digital adoption in the economy and society based on ICT goods and service importWDI
Note(s):

The TTDI is a composite index based on EED, TPEED, ISD, TRD and TSD. This is computed by the WEF

Source(s): Authors’ own work (2025)

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