Table 3.

Pairwise correlations

Variables(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)
(1) HD1.000
(2) TDI0.829* (0.000)1.000
(3) EED0.747* (0.000)0.850* (0.000)1.000
(4) TPEED0.564* (0.000)0.849* (0.000)0.660* (0.000)1.000
(5) ISD0.864* (0.000)0.902* (0.000)0.819* (0.000)0.656* (0.000)1.000
(6) TRS0.303* (0.065)0.372* (0.021)−0.086 (0.610)0.244 (0.140)0.264 (0.109)1.000
(7) TSD0.389* (0.016)0.543* (0.000)0.465* (0.003)0.478* (0.002)0.351* (0.031)−0.060 (0.719)1.000
(8) POP−0.366* (0.024)−0.295* (0.072)−0.606* (0.000)−0.206 (0.214)−0.411* (0.010)0.587* (0.000)−0.319* (0.051)1.000
(9) URB0.368* (0.023)0.064 (0.703)−0.046 (0.782)−0.177 (0.287)0.265 (0.108)0.297* (0.070)−0.154 (0.357)−0.009 (0.958)1.000
(10) GCF−0.230 (0.164)0.043 (0.799)0.075 (0.655)0.118 (0.479)−0.067 (0.687)−0.060 (0.720)0.098 (0.560)0.115 (0.492)−0.144 (0.388)1.000
(11) GEX0.181 (0.278)0.276* (0.094)0.299* (0.068)0.223 (0.179)0.267 (0.106)−0.060 (0.720)0.265 (0.107)−0.591* (0.000)−0.002 (0.991)−0.263 (0.111)1.000
(12) DIG0.013 (0.937)−0.112 (0.501)−0.174 (0.296)−0.142 (0.394)0.010 (0.954)0.125 (0.456)−0.267 (0.106)0.092 (0.583)0.047 (0.778)−0.396* (0.014)0.100 (0.550)1.000
Note(s):

*shows significance at p < 0.1 HD = Human development; TDI = Tourism Development Index; EED = Enabling environment dimension; TPEED = Tourism Policy and Enabling Environment dimension; ISD = Infrastructure and services dimension; TRD = Tourism resources dimension; TSD = Tourism sustainability dimension; POP = population growth; URB = Urbanization; GCF = Gross capital formation; GEF = Government effectiveness; GEX = Government expenditure on education; DIG = Digitalization

Source(s): Authors’ own work (2025)

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