Table 4.

The impact of tourism development on human development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Quantile regressionRandom regression
(1)(2)(3)(4)
Variables25 Quant50 Quant75 QuantOverall
TDI0.228*** (0.0272)0.212*** (0.0285)0.189*** (0.0354)0.111*** (0.0394)
POP−0.0491* (0.0288)−0.0493** (0.0214)−0.0574** (0.0224)−0.0434 (0.0292)
URB0.00147* (0.000805)0.00181*** (0.000648)0.00176*** (0.000495)0.00128** (0.000537)
GCF−0.00515*** (0.00154)−0.00322*** (0.00102)−0.00283** (0.00104)−0.000569 (0.000834)
GEX0.0122* (0.00613)0.0135*** (0.00466)0.0124** (0.00555)0.00264 (0.00463)
DIG−0.00185 (0.00511)−0.000923 (0.00395)0.00761* (0.00383)−0.000633 (0.00146)
Constant0.276 (0.242)0.292 (0.193)0.397** (0.170)0.468* (0.240)
Pseudo R20.60590.66820.72520.7226
Overall R-Square
No. Countries38383838
Note(s):

Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1; TDI = Tourism Development Index; POP = population growth; URB = Urbanization; GCF = Gross capital formation; GEF = Government effectiveness; GEX = Government expenditure on education; DIG = Digitalization

Source(s): Authors’ own work (2025)

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