Table 5.

The impact of tourism development on human development in Sub-Saharan Africa (quantiles)

Enabling environmentdimensionTourism policy and enablingenvironment dimensionInfrastructure andservices dimensionTourism resources dimensionTourism sustainability dimension
(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)
Variables25 Quant50 Quant75 Quant25 Quant50 Quant75 Quant25 Quant50 Quant75 Quant25 Quant50 Quant75 Quant25 Quant50 Quant75 Quant
EED0.166*** (0.0323)0.183*** (0.0436)0.168*** (0.0306)
TPEED0.155*** (0.0489)0.102*** (0.0296)0.0960*** (0.0202)
ISD0.181*** (0.0290)0.156*** (0.0313)0.131*** (0.0213)
TRD0.139*** (0.0449)0.119** (0.0496)0.148*** (0.0471)
TSD0.186*** (0.0511)0.106** (0.0487)0.0694 (0.0610)
POP0.0877** (0.0405)0.0434 (0.0361)0.0195 (0.0233)−0.0189 (0.0603)−0.0596 (0.0363)−0.0573** (0.0276)0.0183 (0.0236)0.00668 (0.0296)−0.0300 (0.0253)−0.177* (0.0977)−0.149* (0.0847)−0.224*** (0.0774)−0.000205 (0.0557)−0.0213 (0.0736)−0.0103 (0.0816)
URB0.00194** (0.000816)0.00201** (0.000758)0.00241*** (0.000602)0.00408*** (0.00148)0.00230*** (0.000756)0.00242*** (0.000526)7.30e-06 (0.000717)0.000629 (0.000650)0.000926** (0.000448)0.000615 (0.00155)0.000807 (0.00133)0.000418 (0.00106)0.00223** (0.00105)0.00161* (0.000816)0.00269** (0.00124)
GCF−0.00579*** (0.00191)−0.00404** (0.00196)−0.00188 (0.00113)−0.00589** (0.00284)−0.00437** (0.00169)−0.00228 (0.00140)−0.00226 (0.00144)−0.00273* (0.00140)−0.00193 (0.00122)−0.00139 (0.00147)−0.00307 (0.00231)−0.00319 (0.00190)−0.00257* (0.00149)−0.00218 (0.00143)−0.00237 (0.00150)
GEX0.0299*** (0.00723)0.0517*** (0.0103)0.0431*** (0.00698)0.0516*** (0.0135)0.0653*** (0.00879)0.0354*** (0.00668)0.0145*** (0.00573)0.0412*** (0.00639)0.0935*** (0.00642)0.0155 (0.0116)0.061** (0.0131)0.0318** (0.0142)0.0305** (0.0114)0.0412** (0.0151)0.0404** (0.0187)
DIG−0.00571 (0.00528)0.00444 (0.00723)0.00586 (0.00583)−0.00946 (0.0128)0.00776 (0.00708)0.00683 (0.00407)−0.00252 (0.00523)−0.00204 (0.00509)0.00198 (0.00323)0.000857 (0.00940)−0.00439 (0.00787)−0.00774 (0.00901)−0.00876 (0.00697)−0.00106 (0.00672)0.00933 (0.0145)
Constant−0.634* (0.348)−0.386 (0.355)−0.210 (0.236)0.0581 (0.506)0.597* (0.295)0.558** (0.208)0.0391 (0.222)0.213 (0.257)0.550** (0.210)1.633** (0.694)1.546** (0.624)2.145*** (0.597)−0.258 (0.496)0.254 (0.567)0.227 (0.662)
Pseudo R20.51680.52670.64540.25290.48700.61340.53090.53810.65540.39430.43010.51450.34760.38410.3575
No. Countries383838383838383838383838383838
Note(s):

Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1; EED = Enabling environment dimension; TPEED = Tourism Policy and Enabling Environment dimension; ISD = Infrastructure and services dimension; TRD = Tourism resources dimension; TSD = Tourism sustainability dimension; POP = population growth; URB = Urbanization; GCF = Gross capital formation; GEF = Government effectiveness; GEX = Government expenditure on education; DIG = Digitalization

Source(s): Authors’ own work (2025)

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