The impact of tourism development on human development in Sub-Saharan Africa (quantiles)
| Enabling environmentdimension | Tourism policy and enablingenvironment dimension | Infrastructure andservices dimension | Tourism resources dimension | Tourism sustainability dimension | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | |
| Variables | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant |
| EED | 0.166*** (0.0323) | 0.183*** (0.0436) | 0.168*** (0.0306) | ||||||||||||
| TPEED | 0.155*** (0.0489) | 0.102*** (0.0296) | 0.0960*** (0.0202) | ||||||||||||
| ISD | 0.181*** (0.0290) | 0.156*** (0.0313) | 0.131*** (0.0213) | ||||||||||||
| TRD | 0.139*** (0.0449) | 0.119** (0.0496) | 0.148*** (0.0471) | ||||||||||||
| TSD | 0.186*** (0.0511) | 0.106** (0.0487) | 0.0694 (0.0610) | ||||||||||||
| POP | 0.0877** (0.0405) | 0.0434 (0.0361) | 0.0195 (0.0233) | −0.0189 (0.0603) | −0.0596 (0.0363) | −0.0573** (0.0276) | 0.0183 (0.0236) | 0.00668 (0.0296) | −0.0300 (0.0253) | −0.177* (0.0977) | −0.149* (0.0847) | −0.224*** (0.0774) | −0.000205 (0.0557) | −0.0213 (0.0736) | −0.0103 (0.0816) |
| URB | 0.00194** (0.000816) | 0.00201** (0.000758) | 0.00241*** (0.000602) | 0.00408*** (0.00148) | 0.00230*** (0.000756) | 0.00242*** (0.000526) | 7.30e-06 (0.000717) | 0.000629 (0.000650) | 0.000926** (0.000448) | 0.000615 (0.00155) | 0.000807 (0.00133) | 0.000418 (0.00106) | 0.00223** (0.00105) | 0.00161* (0.000816) | 0.00269** (0.00124) |
| GCF | −0.00579*** (0.00191) | −0.00404** (0.00196) | −0.00188 (0.00113) | −0.00589** (0.00284) | −0.00437** (0.00169) | −0.00228 (0.00140) | −0.00226 (0.00144) | −0.00273* (0.00140) | −0.00193 (0.00122) | −0.00139 (0.00147) | −0.00307 (0.00231) | −0.00319 (0.00190) | −0.00257* (0.00149) | −0.00218 (0.00143) | −0.00237 (0.00150) |
| GEX | 0.0299*** (0.00723) | 0.0517*** (0.0103) | 0.0431*** (0.00698) | 0.0516*** (0.0135) | 0.0653*** (0.00879) | 0.0354*** (0.00668) | 0.0145*** (0.00573) | 0.0412*** (0.00639) | 0.0935*** (0.00642) | 0.0155 (0.0116) | 0.061** (0.0131) | 0.0318** (0.0142) | 0.0305** (0.0114) | 0.0412** (0.0151) | 0.0404** (0.0187) |
| DIG | −0.00571 (0.00528) | 0.00444 (0.00723) | 0.00586 (0.00583) | −0.00946 (0.0128) | 0.00776 (0.00708) | 0.00683 (0.00407) | −0.00252 (0.00523) | −0.00204 (0.00509) | 0.00198 (0.00323) | 0.000857 (0.00940) | −0.00439 (0.00787) | −0.00774 (0.00901) | −0.00876 (0.00697) | −0.00106 (0.00672) | 0.00933 (0.0145) |
| Constant | −0.634* (0.348) | −0.386 (0.355) | −0.210 (0.236) | 0.0581 (0.506) | 0.597* (0.295) | 0.558** (0.208) | 0.0391 (0.222) | 0.213 (0.257) | 0.550** (0.210) | 1.633** (0.694) | 1.546** (0.624) | 2.145*** (0.597) | −0.258 (0.496) | 0.254 (0.567) | 0.227 (0.662) |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.5168 | 0.5267 | 0.6454 | 0.2529 | 0.4870 | 0.6134 | 0.5309 | 0.5381 | 0.6554 | 0.3943 | 0.4301 | 0.5145 | 0.3476 | 0.3841 | 0.3575 |
| No. Countries | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 |
| Enabling environmentdimension | Tourism policy and enablingenvironment dimension | Infrastructure andservices dimension | Tourism resources dimension | Tourism sustainability dimension | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | |
| Variables | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant | 25 Quant | 50 Quant | 75 Quant |
| 0.166 | 0.183 | 0.168 | |||||||||||||
| 0.155 | 0.102 | 0.0960 | |||||||||||||
| 0.181 | 0.156 | 0.131 | |||||||||||||
| 0.139 | 0.119 | 0.148 | |||||||||||||
| 0.186 | 0.106 | 0.0694 (0.0610) | |||||||||||||
| 0.0877 | 0.0434 (0.0361) | 0.0195 (0.0233) | −0.0189 (0.0603) | −0.0596 (0.0363) | −0.0573 | 0.0183 (0.0236) | 0.00668 (0.0296) | −0.0300 (0.0253) | −0.177 | −0.149 | −0.224 | −0.000205 (0.0557) | −0.0213 (0.0736) | −0.0103 (0.0816) | |
| 0.00194 | 0.00201 | 0.00241 | 0.00408 | 0.00230 | 0.00242 | 7.30e-06 (0.000717) | 0.000629 (0.000650) | 0.000926 | 0.000615 (0.00155) | 0.000807 (0.00133) | 0.000418 (0.00106) | 0.00223 | 0.00161 | 0.00269 | |
| −0.00579 | −0.00404 | −0.00188 (0.00113) | −0.00589 | −0.00437 | −0.00228 (0.00140) | −0.00226 (0.00144) | −0.00273 | −0.00193 (0.00122) | −0.00139 (0.00147) | −0.00307 (0.00231) | −0.00319 (0.00190) | −0.00257 | −0.00218 (0.00143) | −0.00237 (0.00150) | |
| 0.0299 | 0.0517 | 0.0431 | 0.0516 | 0.0653 | 0.0354 | 0.0145 | 0.0412 | 0.0935 | 0.0155 (0.0116) | 0.061 | 0.0318 | 0.0305 | 0.0412 | 0.0404 | |
| −0.00571 (0.00528) | 0.00444 (0.00723) | 0.00586 (0.00583) | −0.00946 (0.0128) | 0.00776 (0.00708) | 0.00683 (0.00407) | −0.00252 (0.00523) | −0.00204 (0.00509) | 0.00198 (0.00323) | 0.000857 (0.00940) | −0.00439 (0.00787) | −0.00774 (0.00901) | −0.00876 (0.00697) | −0.00106 (0.00672) | 0.00933 (0.0145) | |
| Constant | −0.634 | −0.386 (0.355) | −0.210 (0.236) | 0.0581 (0.506) | 0.597 | 0.558 | 0.0391 (0.222) | 0.213 (0.257) | 0.550 | 1.633 | 1.546 | 2.145 | −0.258 (0.496) | 0.254 (0.567) | 0.227 (0.662) |
| Pseudo | 0.5168 | 0.5267 | 0.6454 | 0.2529 | 0.4870 | 0.6134 | 0.5309 | 0.5381 | 0.6554 | 0.3943 | 0.4301 | 0.5145 | 0.3476 | 0.3841 | 0.3575 |
| No. Countries | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 |
Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1; EED = Enabling environment dimension; TPEED = Tourism Policy and Enabling Environment dimension; ISD = Infrastructure and services dimension; TRD = Tourism resources dimension; TSD = Tourism sustainability dimension; POP = population growth; URB = Urbanization; GCF = Gross capital formation; GEF = Government effectiveness; GEX = Government expenditure on education; DIG = Digitalization
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