Variables definition
| Label | Variable name | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| MS | Modern Slavery Index | Global modern slavery index which is affected by a complex interaction of factors related to the presence or absence of protection and respect for rights, physical safety and security, access to the necessities of life such as food water and health care, and patterns of migration, displacement, and conflict. Statistical testing grouped 24 measures of vulnerability into four dimensions covering: (i) civil and political protection, (ii) social health and economic rights, (iii) personal security, and (iv) refugee populations and conflict. It ranges from 0 to 100. Higher values indicate higher slavery and vice versa in year t | www.globalslaveryindex.org 2016, 2018 and 2023 |
| CORRUP | Control of Corruption Index (Measure of the perceived level of corruption) | The Control of Corruption Index which measures the perception to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as the capture of the state by elites and private interest. For simplicity we multiply (−1) with Control of Corruption Index. Higher values indicate higher corruption and vice versa in year t | Worldwide Governance Indicator and Kaufmann and Kraay (2023) |
| SDGs | Sustainable development goals | Country-level Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) scores developed and published by the United Nations (UN). It ranges from 0 to 100. Higher values indicate higher sustainable development goals achieved and vice versa in year t | https://sdgs.un.org/goals |
| STAKE | Stakeholder vs stockholder origin | Dummy variables take the value of 1, if the country is a stakeholder country and 0 otherwise | |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product | GDP per capita (current US$) is the natural logarithm of gross domestic product divided by midyear population in year t | World Bank national accounts data www.worldbank.org |
| FOI | Freedom of information | Measures the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selection of their government, as well as enjoy freedom of expression, freedom of association and a free media. It ranges from −2.50 to 2.50. For simplicity we multiply (−1) with Control of Corruption Index with higher scores indicating greater participation and freedom and vice versa in year t | World Bank www.worldbank.org |
| FDI | Foreign direct investment | FDI is the natural logarithm of foreign direct investment in a country in a year, all in current US dollars in year t | World Bank www.worldbank.org |
| Export | Merchandise trade | Merchandise trade is the balance of merchandise exports and imports, all in current US dollars in year t | World Bank www.worldbank.org |
| MAN | Mandatory modern slavery reporting | Dummy variable that equals 1 if a country has devised regulations for firms to report whether they (the firms) comply with human rights in their business operations and else 0 in year t | |
| MS_ALT | Modern slavery alternative measure | MS_ALT is the natural logarithm of number of people in slavery in a country in year t | www.globalslaveryindex.org 2016, 2018 and 2023 |
| HIPC | Highly indebted poor countries | Dummy variable that equals 1 if a country is classified as a heavily indebted poor country and else 0 | World Bank www.worldbank.org |
| RDI | Religious Diversity index | It scores for countries, regions and the world based on the shares of eight major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, folk or traditional religions, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, other religions considered as a group, and the religiously unaffiliated). Score ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate higher religious diversity and vice versa | Pew Research Centre |
| YEAR FE | Year fixed effects | A vector of dummy variables indicating year |
| Label | Variable name | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| MS | Modern Slavery Index | Global modern slavery index which is affected by a complex interaction of factors related to the presence or absence of protection and respect for rights, physical safety and security, access to the necessities of life such as food water and health care, and patterns of migration, displacement, and conflict. Statistical testing grouped 24 measures of vulnerability into four dimensions covering: (i) civil and political protection, (ii) social health and economic rights, (iii) personal security, and (iv) refugee populations and conflict. It ranges from 0 to 100. Higher values indicate higher slavery and | |
| CORRUP | Control of Corruption Index (Measure of the perceived level of corruption) | The Control of Corruption Index which measures the perception to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as the capture of the state by elites and private interest. For simplicity we multiply (−1) with Control of Corruption Index. Higher values indicate higher corruption and | Worldwide Governance Indicator and |
| SDGs | Sustainable development goals | Country-level Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) scores developed and published by the United Nations (UN). It ranges from 0 to 100. Higher values indicate higher sustainable development goals achieved and | |
| STAKE | Stakeholder vs stockholder origin | Dummy variables take the value of 1, if the country is a stakeholder country and 0 otherwise | |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product | GDP per capita (current US$) is the natural logarithm of gross domestic product divided by midyear population in year | World Bank national accounts data |
| FOI | Freedom of information | Measures the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selection of their government, as well as enjoy freedom of expression, freedom of association and a free media. It ranges from −2.50 to 2.50. For simplicity we multiply (−1) with Control of Corruption Index with higher scores indicating greater participation and freedom and | World Bank |
| FDI | Foreign direct investment | FDI is the natural logarithm of foreign direct investment in a country in a year, all in current US dollars in year | World Bank |
| Export | Merchandise trade | Merchandise trade is the balance of merchandise exports and imports, all in current US dollars in year | World Bank |
| MAN | Mandatory modern slavery reporting | Dummy variable that equals 1 if a country has devised regulations for firms to report whether they (the firms) comply with human rights in their business operations and else 0 in year | |
| MS_ALT | Modern slavery alternative measure | MS_ALT is the natural logarithm of number of people in slavery in a country in year | |
| HIPC | Highly indebted poor countries | Dummy variable that equals 1 if a country is classified as a heavily indebted poor country and else 0 | World Bank |
| RDI | Religious Diversity index | It scores for countries, regions and the world based on the shares of eight major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, folk or traditional religions, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, other religions considered as a group, and the religiously unaffiliated). Score ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate higher religious diversity and vice versa | Pew Research Centre |
| YEAR FE | Year fixed effects | A vector of dummy variables indicating year |
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